Optical

Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Optical Holography
M. Janda I. Hank
Department of Computer science and Engineering
University of West Bohemia

Optical
Holography

Outline

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles

o Introduction

Optical
holograms

o Wave Optics
o Principles
o Optical holograms

Optical
Holography

Holography

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

What is not holography

Holodeck from Startrek

What is holography
Photography on steroids
Both amplitude and phase
is recorded
Different intensity in
different directions

Photo vs. Holo

Optical
Holography

Holography A Tase Of
Principle

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Fundamental technology

Diffraction grating bends light

Can be superposed
Effect (bending) persists superposition
Hologram super complex diffraction
grating

Effect of diffraction grating on a direction of light

Optical
Holography

Wave Nature of Light

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Light
Light El./Mag. radiation 300 800 nm

A Bit of Mathematics

im

u(p, t) = A(p)cos[2t (p)]

A
u(p, t) = {A(p)exp[i ((p) 2t)]}
~
u(p,
t) = A(p)exp[i(p)]exp[-i2t]

Complex Amplitude
~

u(p) = A(p)exp[i(p)]

u(A, )

Phasor

re

Optical
Holography

Interference

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

What is it?
Combination of waves
Adding two lights together causes dark!

What is it exactly?
Summation of complex amplitudes
uf~
=u~1 +~u2

Interference of two waves constructive and

destructive

Optical
Holography

Interference

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Optical intensity
Optical quality perceived by human eye
Square of complex amplitudes magnitude
Mathematically
~ 2 = ~~
I = |u|
uu*
Intensity of interference
~ +
~ u |2
I = |u
r
s
~ 2
~
~*~
2 ~ ~*
= |u
|
+
|u
|
+
u
u
r
s
r s + ur us
= Ir + Is + 2 I1I2 cos(r s)

This all is true only if coherent light is

Optical
Holography

Coherence

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Purpose
Neglect temporal dependence
Coherence light -> stable interference
Degree of coherence interference fringes
visibility

What light is coherent

Monochromatic temporal coherence
Coherence length

Spherical waves spatial coherence

Coherence area

Formal description
Binary relation
Cross correlation between two signals

Optical
Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Diffraction - Again

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

What exactly is diffraction

Everything not being reflection or refraction
Interference of many sources

Scalar Diffraction
Easier in certain environment
tt
Huygens-Fresnel principle
t
tt
More precise formulations
Kirchhoff
Rayleigh-Sommerfeld

1
exp(
ik
|
r
(s)|)
~
~
u x,y o s
cosds

i S
| r (s)|

tt t tt

Direction of
propagation

Direction of
propagation

Optical
Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Diffraction And Again

Optical
Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Holography principle

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Recording
Encoding phase and amplitude as
interference fringe pattern
Two beams interfering
Reference beam known properties
Scene beam recorded light field

Complex diffraction grating is created

hologram

Optical
Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Holography principle

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Recording
Encoding phase and amplitude as interference
fringe pattern
Two beams interfering
Reference beam known properties
Scene beam recorded light field

Complex diffraction grating is created hologram

Reconstructing
Hologram illuminated with reference beam
Diffraction occurs
Resulting light field contains original scene beam

Optical
Holography

Holography Principles in
Pictures

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction

Recording

Wave Optics

Photographic
plate

Principles
Optical
holograms

Object

Laser
beam

Mirror

Reconstruction
Hologram
Image

Laser
beam

Mirror

Optical
Holography

In-line Hologram

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Recording
Reference, object, hologram aligned
in line
Mostly transparent and planar objects
Lower spatial frequency

Reconstruction
Images disturbed by blurred
counterparts and zero order
Special setup: blurred image became
background

Reference Hologram
planar wave

Object

Optical
Holography

Off-axis Hologram

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Recording
Non-zero angle between reference
wave and object wave
3D opaque objects
Higher spatial frequency

Reconstruction
Orders diffracted into different
directions
Clean original optical field

Optical
Holography

Lens & Fourier Hologram

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Lens
Different optical material: slowdown/diffraction of
waves
Use of thin lens: assumption on lack of diffraction
Back focal plane = {front focal plane}

Fourier Hologram

Recording through lens

{planar image} + {point source}
Reconstruction through lens
Both virtual & real image in focus

Optical
Holography

Other holograms

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Holographic Stereograms
Recording of multiple views through slit
Reconstruction: only single focus depth

Rainbow Hologram
2 Stages of recording
Record regular hologram
Record rainbow hologram through slit

Visible on white light: multiple color images

Color Hologram
Common hologram: rainbow due to diffraction
3 holograms + 3 wavelengths: larger gamut
Achromatic holograms: holographic stereograms
Overlapping/coplanar colors

Optical
Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Physical Representations

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Thin Amplitude Hologram

Zero and first order only
First order: 6 % of energy

Thin Phase Hologram

Multiple orders
First order: 33 % of energy

Volume Hologram
Multiple layers of fringes
Reflective transmission
Sensitive only to selected wavelength

Optical
Holography

Holography A Tase Of
Principle

Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Fundamental technology

Diffraction grating bends light

Can be superposed
Effect (bending) persists superposition
Hologram super complex diffraction
grating

Effect of diffraction grating on a direction of light

Optical
Holography
Martin Janda,
Ivo Hank

Physical Representations

Introduction
Wave Optics
Principles
Optical
holograms

Thin Amplitude Hologram

Zero and first order only
First order: 6 % of energy

Thin Phase Hologram

Multiple orders
First order: 33 % of energy

Volume Hologram
Multiple layers of fringes
Reflective transmission
Sensitive only to selected wavelength