Light, Energy, and More

October 23, 2007

Chemistry

Recap
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
High Energy
Low Energy
Wave Nature of Light

Whats Going On Here?

When we heat metal what

happens?

 Does the wave model of light explain these

changes?
Does not explain different wavelengths and
frequencies at different temperatures

What is light?
Radiation.what is radiation?
Particles or rays of energy

What is temperature anyways?

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in an object
Kinetic Energy vs. Potential Energy

Too many questions.

Max Planck (1900)

German Physicist
Began to look for
answers
Matter can only gain
or lose energy in
small quantized
amounts
Whats quantized?

Vocab Word!!!
QUANTUM
Minimum amount of energy that can be
gained or lost by an atom
The emitted light from a glowing metal is a
ENERGYthis energy is quantized

If energy is now quantizedhow

can we determine the amount of
energy of a quantum?
What is energy measured in?
What are we observing?
What happens to the color when we
increase the temperature (energy)?
Proportional or inversely proportional?

Now we need a constant

Plancks constant, h=6.626 x 10^-34 J*s

Time to put these words into action!

What is the frequency and wavelength
electromagnetic radiation that emits 1.68 x
10^-17 J of energy? What type of
electromagnetic radiation is this?
Wavelength= 1.18 x 10^-8 m
Ultraviolet radiation

Some questions to answer

What is the color we see?
What happens to the energy of the
radiation when we increase the frequency,
v, of the radiation emitted?
Iron at room tempcolor and E?
Iron with a little heatcolor and E?
Iron with lots of heatcolor and E?

According to Plancks Theory

If we have a given v, matter

can emit or absorb E only in
whole number multiples of hv
(1hv, 2hv, 3 hv)
Matter can ONLY have specific
amounts of energy
Wall of kids building blocks
We can only add or take away
in increments of whole
blockswe cannot remove
half a block

The Big Mystery of the 1900s

The Photoelectric
Effect
What caused these
color changes in
metals???

Photoelectric Effect
Electrons (photoelectrons) are emitted
from a metals surface when a light of a
certain frequency shines on the surface
Certain specific amounts of energy (whats
this called???) needed to knock out
electrons from metal atoms.

Albert Einstein (1905)

Added onto Plancks
Theory
Called the electrons
emitted, PHOTONS (the little
energy packets Planck
called quantums)
Now Ephoton = hv

 Planck paved the way

for the explanation
behind the mystery
But some one else
came into the
picture

Now light is not just a wave

Einsteins Dual Nature of Light
Particle and wave characteristics
Light is a beam of tiny particles, called
photons, acting like a wave

NEW WORD!!!
Photon
A particle of electromagnetic radiation with
no mass that carries a quantum of energy

What Einstein added

Energy of a photon has a minimum or
threshold value to eject photoelectrons
What must happen for the photoelectric
effect to occur?
Energy of a photon (particle of EM radiation)
must have the minimum energy requirement
to free the electron from the atom of metal

Mystery Solved!
No matter how long a
light of a certain
frequency is shone on
metal (intensity),
electrons will not be
ejected unless the
minimum amount of
energy is shone.
Silver metal
Photoelectrons ejected
when a light with a
frequency of at least 1.14 x
10^15 Hz or greater is
used

Sodium metal
Red light
Violet light

Revised Plancks Work

Einstein piggy-backed off of Plancks
Theory and we now have..

Photon

Time to do a little work.

Tiny water drops in the air disperse the
white light of the sun into a rainbow. What
is the Energy oa a photon from the violet
portion of the rainbow if it has a frequency
of 7.23x10^14 Hz?
E=4.79 x 10^-19 J
Energy in a photon of violet light

A couple more
A photon has an energy of 2.93 x 10^-25
J. What is its frequency? What type of
electromagnetic radiation is the photon?
V=4.42 x 10^8 Hz
TV or FM waves

Practice makes perfect

What is the energy of each photon in the
following types of radiation?
6.32 x 10^20 Hz
9.50 x 10^13 Hz
1.05 x 10^16 Hz

What types of radiation are each?

4.19 x 10^-13 J gamma or x-ray
6.29 x 10^20 J infrared
6.96 x 10^-18 J ultraviolet