Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Naoto Nagaosa
CREST, Dept. Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo
M. Onoda, S. Murakami, and N. Nagaosa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 083901 (2004)
S. Onoda, S. Murakami, and N. Nagaosa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 167602 (2004)
Berry phase
M.V.Berry, Proc. R.Soc. Lond. A392, 45(1984)
X ( X1, X 2 , , , X n )
i t (t ) H ( X (t )) (t )
H ( X )n ( X ) En ( X ) n ( X )
H (X )
Hamiltonian,
parametersadiabatic change
X2
X1
(T ) e
i n ( C ) ( i / ) 0 dtEn ( X ( t ))
(0)
n (C ) i dX n ( X ) | X n ( X )
C
dX An ( X ) dS Bn ( X )
C
Berry Phase
Electrons with
constraint
E
doubly
degenerate
positive
energy
states.
Dirac electrons
Bloch electrons
nk (r ) e ikr unk (r )
Bloch wavefucntion
An (k ) i unk | k | unk
xi ri An (k ) i ki An (k )
covariant derivative
Curvature in k-space
dx(t )
k
V k x
V
i[ x, H ] x i[ x, y ]
Bnz (k )
dt
m
y m
y
kz
| unk k
k | unk
kx
ky
Non-commutative Q.M.
Duality between
Real and Momentum Spaces
d r (t ) n ( k ) d k (t )
Bn (k )
dt
dt
k k- space curvature
d k (t ) V ( r ) d r (t )
B( r )
dt
dt
rspace
curvature
r
Degeneracy point
Monopole in momentum space
SrRuO3
Z.Fang
Path 5
Path 3
Path 2
Start
Path 1
ds
ds
m : mass, V (rc )
: potential
What determine the equations of motion?
Historically, experiments and observations
Any fundamental principles?
(Fermats principle, principle of least action)
d
Leff W i H W variation EOM of rc and kc
dt
R : position operator
Condition rc W R W Leff
R. Jackiw and A. Kerman,Phys. Lett. 71A, 581 (1979)
A. Pattanayak and W.C. Schieve, Phys. Rev. E 50, 3601 (1994)
( r ) 2 ( r ) 2
H dr
E (r )
H (r ) , (r ) and (r ) : slowly varying
2
2
( r ) 2 ( r ) 2
RH d r r
E (r )
H (r )
2
2
dk
W
w
(
k
k
,
r
)
z
a
c c c k 0 ,
3
(2 )
zc 1
W RH W
Condition for the center of gravity rc
W H W
Leff
kc rc kc ( zc | k | zc ) i ( zc | z c ) v(rc ) kc
c
zc
1
| zc )
, v(rc )
, k
(rc ) (rc )
zc
iek k e k
rc : position , kc : momentum
k : Berry connection
k : Berry curvature
k iek ke k
ek : polarization vector
k
k k k i k k 3 3
k
Neglecting polarization
Conventional geometrical optics
Anomalous velocity
kc
rc v(rc ) kc ( zc | k | zc )
c
kc
kc [v(rc )]kc
| z c ) ikc k | zc )
c
| zcout t [e i z in , e i z in ]
dk [ k ] dS k [ k ]
S
No polarization
Circularly polarized
jz
kc
rc kc ( zc | 3 | zc )
kc
j zI j zT ,
const.
z
j zI j zR
AT ,R
Energy
Bloch wave
An intermediate between
traveling wave and standing wave
1
2 (r )
(r ) : moderate modulation,
(r )
(r )
E
H
1
E
H
nk i unk kunk unk kunk
2
nk k nk
kc rc kc nk (rc ) Enk
c
c.f. Haldane-Raghu
Edge mode
rc ( xc ) k Enk kc k ,
c
c
c
kc [ ( xc )]Enk ,
c
( x) : superimposed modulation
1
2 ( x)
(r )
(r )
dr '
d
R d
polarization due to
displacements of rigid ions
+ Ionic polarization
i
dP (Q) e (2 ) 3 d 3k nl (k ) l dl r l dl l r l
i l
A dQ
l l
i
3
3
A 2e (2 ) d k nl (k ) Im
i
k
Q
l
P is path dependent in general !!
Pcl e u
*
e* 0.01e
Pobs 30 Pcl (e / e* )
Neutral and covalent
Ferroelectricity in Phz-H2ca
S. Horiuchi @ CERC et al.
First-principles calculation
Isolated molecule 0.1 C/cm2 (too small !)
Hydrogen bond
( covalency)
( )
2e
(2 ) 3
occ
( )
( )
dk
dk
dk
u
u
kn
k kn
n1
0.7
0.6
Bulk
Ps( C/cm )
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Isolated
molecule
0
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13
H (k , Q) 0 (k , Q) h (k , Q)
0 (k , Q) h3 (k , Q) h1 (k , Q) ih2 (k , Q)
) 0 (k , Q) h3 (k , Q)
h1 (k , Q) ih2 (k , Q
with Pauli matrices
dP : Solid angle of the ribon
dP A(Q) dQ
dk h
h
A (Q) e
h
4 2
dQ dk dQ
1. B (Q) 0 only along strings (trajectories of band-crossing
Q
B
dQ A(Q)
dSQ B(Q) n
C[/a,/a]
Band-crossing point
t
dQ' (Q Q' )
Biot-Savart law:
A (Q)
L 4 | Q Q ' |3
Asymptotic behavior (leading order in 1/Eg)
Strength ~ 1/Eg
A(Q )
Direction: same as a magnetic field
created by an electric current
L : strings
string
Eg
Specific models
Simplest physically relevant models
H ck , 0 (k ) , ' h (k , Q) , ' ck , '
k
h (k , Q) f (k ) g (k )Q
Ez
or
Pressure
Electron(charge)flow
Ex
Large polarization even in the neutral molecules
Conclusions
Generalized equation of motion for geometrical optics taking
into account the Berry phase assoiciated with the
polarization
Optical Hall Effect and its enhancement in photonic crystal
Covalent (quantum) ferroelectricity is due to Berry phase
and associated dissipationless current
Geometrical view for P in the parameter space
- non-locality and Biot-Savart law
Possible charge pumping and D.C. current in insulator
Ferroelectricity is analogous to the quantum Hall effect
http://www.expocenter.or.jp/shiori/
ugoki/ugoki1/ugoki1.html
Right circular S = +1
Left circular S = -1
http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Optics/projects/singlePhotonOAM/
Path integral
Roughly speaking,
Trajectory is determined by the phase factor of a wave function.
E : electric field
B : magnetic field
0 p
B 2 ez B
a q
a : lattice constant
nk i unk kunk
nk k nk
unk : Bloch function
rc k Enk [B] kc nk
c
c
c
kc eE erc B
e
Enk [B] Enk
B Lnk
c
c
c
2m
H 0 : Hamiltonian with E B 0
Point
Optical path length and action can be defined for any trajectories,
regardless of whether realistic or unrealistic.
Earlier Studies
1. Suggestion of lateral shift in total reflection (energy flux of evanescent light)
F. I. Fedorov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 105, 465 (1955)
2. Theory of total and partial reflection (stationary phase)
H. Schilling, Ann. Physik (Leipzig) 16, 122 (1965)
3. Theory and experiment of total reflection (energy flux of evanescent light )
C. Imbert, Phys. Rev. D 5, 787 (1972)
4. Different opinions
D. G. Boulware, Phys. Rev. D 7, 2375 (1973)
N. Ashby and S. C. Miller Jr., Phys. Rev. D 7, 2383 (1973)
V. G. Fedoseev, Opt. Spektrosk. 58, 491 (1985)
Ref. 1 and 3 explain the transverse shift in analogy with Goos-Hanchen effect (due
to evanescent light). However, Ref.2 says that the transverse shift can be observed
in partial reflection.
Summary
Topological effects in wave phenomena of electrons
What are the corresponding phenomena of light?
Equations of motion of optical packet with internal rotation
Deflection of light due to anomalous velocity
QHE, Intrinsic AHE, Intrinsic spin HE ~ Optical HE
Photonic crystal without inversion symmetry
Optical Bloch wave with Berry curvature (internal rotation)
Enhancement and control of optical HE in photonic crystals
L=1
L=2
L=3
http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Optics/projects/singlePhotonOAM/
Energy current : PE dr E (r ) H (r )
Rotation of eneryg current :
J E dr r E (r ) H (r ) LE S E
LE rc PE , S E dr (r rc ) E (r ) H (r )
Momentum : P dr D(r ) B(r )
Angular momentum :
J dr r D(r ) B(r )
D(r ) (r ) E (r ), B(r ) (r ) H (r )
H2ca
Cl
Phz
LUMO
N
1.2 eV
Cl
O
LUMO
3.1eV
4t ~ 0.12 eV
1.7eV
2.88eV
4t ~ 0.2 eV
HOMO
~1 eV
HOMO
(B2g)
O
Cl
H
O
(B1g)
(Ag)
N
O
H
Cl
O
Phz stack
1.5
HOMO
-5.2
LUMO
H2ca stack
2.7
-4.9
5.5
HOMO
-1.6
neutral
Wave packet
Image of wave we cannot distinguish where it is.
Image of particle we can distinguish where it is.
Wave packet : well-defined position of center + broadening.
http://mamacass.ucsd.edu/people/pblanco/physics2d/lectures.html
H dr (r )
V (r ) e (r ) (r )
2m
R dr r (r ) (r )
V (r ) : periodic potential
dk
k
,
r
)
c
c c
nk
nk
(2 )3
2
dk
dk 2
(2 )3 w(k kc , rc ) 1, (2 )3 k w(k kc , rc ) kc
kc rc Enk e (rc )
Leff
rc k Enk
c
c
kc e rc (rc ) eE
P ea(Q / EG )
(ii) EG 4t 4t
P ea(t 2Q / EG3 )
t 0.1eV
ea / 20
3eV
Pobs.