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SIMULATION
Introduction to year 3 course
Dr RICHARD
WHEATON
22/09/2014
ENG692
Marking:
Coursework - December 2014 January 2015
11/12/2014
Examination - June 2015 = 60%
WEEKS 1 - 12
Basic Rock and Fluid properties: week 1
Reserves and Drive mechanisms: week 2
Petroleum Economics : weeks 3-4
Field Appraisal and Development Planning: weeks 5-7
Analytical Methods: weeks 8-10
Welltest analysis: weeks 11-12
= 40%, submitted
WEEKS 13-25
Numerical Simulation
Basic structure of numerical models: & finite difference
methods week 13
Input data structure: week 14
Conceptual modelling: week 15
Full Field modelling and History matching: week 16
Unconventional Resources: weeks 17- 18
Booking Reserves: week 19-20
Revision: weeks 21-25
Course Aids
On Moodle
Lecture slides
Notes by me on each of the above topics
These will cover everything in the course
Porosity
Porosity
It will depend on the average shape of the solid grains and the
way they are packed together. This in turn will depend on the
way the rock was formed, either from sedimentation over time
-for example solid grains of sand deposited gradually on river
beds (clastics) or growth and decay of biological materials
(carbonates).
This initial distribution of solids is then often disturbed by
subsequent events which re-arranges the solids distribution
affecting the porosity (digenesis) .
Typical porosity values are in the range 5 - 30 %. 15% would be
a very typical value.
In reservoir engineering. We are normally only interested in
interconnected porosity that is the volume of connected
pores to total bulk rock volume.
2
Porosity
10
Porosity
The key factors here are the average pore geometry and
the polar -non-polar nature of the rock itself.
11
12
Permeability
Permeability
Permeability
if we assume that k = Kg
where Kg is a geometric constant and d is a 'characteristic
length' for the porous material and = porosity.
Rearranged this gives the standard form of the Darcy
equation
15
17
Darcy equation
where
k in milliDarcies (mD)
u is in RB/day/ft2
dp/dx is in psi/ft
is in centipoise (cP)
is specific gravity (dimensionless)
18
19
Wettability
When two immiscible fluids are in contact with a solid surface,
one will tend to spread or adhere to the solid more than the
other. This is the results of a balance of intermolecular forces
and surface energies between fluids and the solid. This is
shown below where vector forces are balanced at the oilwater-solid contact point giving the relationship
os - ws = ow cos c
where
os = the interfacial tension between oil and solid
ws = the interfacial tension between water and solid
ow = the interfacial tension between oil and water and
c = the contact angle between water and oil at contact point
measured through the water
20
Wettability
Where c < 90o a system is known as 'water wet' so that
water will tend to spread on the solid surface
and where c > 90o a system is known as 'oil wet wet'
where oil will spread on the solid surface
21
Wettability
22
Capillary Pressure
Pcow = po pw
23
Capillary Pressure
24
Capillary Pressure
25
26
27
Relative Permeability
If we have more than one fluid flowing simultaneously through a
porous medium each has its own effective permeability that
will depend on the saturation of each fluid
ke = k. kr
Where ke = effective permeability
k = absolute permeability
kr = relative permeability
For phase
where kr = f(S)
Relative permeability is a very important parameter in reservoir
engineering but it is unfortunately a very difficult function to
measure in the laboratory and then to relate to what is likely to
happen in the reservoir.
2
28
Oil-water systems
29
30
Range
Soc
No
nw
Max
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.4
3.0
3.0
Min
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.2
2.0
2.0
average
0.85
0.45
0.2
0.3
2.5
2.5
31
32
revision
33