Lab 6: Respiratory

System

Announcements
Extra Credit Assignment
Extra Credit Quiz

Quick and Painless

Review

Where is your thymus?

What is the difference between lymph

nodules and MALT?
What is the difference between your
lymph nodes and your spleen?

Respiration Overview
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Mathematics of the Respiratory System
How do you evaluate malfunctions in
the respiratory system?

Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?

Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?
1. Receive air for breathing
2. Exchange gases (O2. CO2) with
the blood
3. Expel modified air

Schematic of
Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity
Guard Hairs
Mucous

Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Posterior to Nasal
and Oral Cavities
Cleans Air
Intersection of
Respiratory and
Digestion

Upper Respiratory Tract

Epiglottis

Flap blocks food

from entering the
lower respiratory
tract

Larynx
9 plates of Cartilage
Large Chamber
Contains vocal cords

Anatomy of the Larynx

Anatomy of the Larynx

Intrinsic and
extrinsic muscles
in larynx pull the
cartilage
This causes the
cords to move
Males have
thicker cords

Functions of the Upper

Respiratory Tract
Cleans air
Guard

hairs
Mucus (MALT)
Cilia

Warms air
Moistens air

Anatomy of the Lungs

Trachea

C-shaped cartilage
Mucociliary escalator

Primary Bronchi

Cartilage
Right wider than left

Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi

More branches on right

Mucociliary Escalator
Muscus

Traps particles

Cilia

Move particles up
toward pharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

Bronchioles
Small 1mm or less
No longer contain cartilage
Continue Branching

Terminal Bronchioles
Last passages before aveoli
Still have Cilia

Alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Phagocytosis removes small particles

Lower Respiratory Tract

Convey air to alveoli
Clean air and remove particles by
mucociliary elevator
Macrophages in aveoli phagocytize
foreign particles last line of defense

Dynamic Human
Anatomy

Airflow in the Lungs

1 Bronchi
2 Bronchi
3 Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal
Bronchioles
Alveolus
GAS EXCHANGE
with Capillary Bed

Mechanism of Airflow
Airflow is a result in changes of
pressure between two systems
System

1: the outer atmosphere

System 2: the pressure within the alveoli

How does pressure change within the

alveoli?

Mechanisms of Airflow
How does pressure change within the
alveoli?
Law: P 1/V
(Changes in Volume result in changes in
Pressure!!!!!)

Boyles

How does volume change within the

alveoli?

Mechanism of Airflow
How does volume change within the alveoli?
Inspiration
The diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity during
quiet inspiration
Deep inspiration is aided by the pectoralis minor,
the sternocleidomastoid and the erector spinae
muscles (external intercostals)

Mechanism of Airflow
Expiration
Quiet

Breathing: Volume changes are not

caused by muscular contraction, rather the
elasticity of the lungs and ribs
Deep expiration: internal intercostals,
abdominal muscles

Alveolar Gas Exhange

O2 loads into RBC; CO2 unloads into the
alveoli
Factors involved:
Concentration

gradients
Solubility in H2O
Membrane

thickness
Membrane area

Alveoli

Oxygen Transport and

Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen is carried through the blood
stream by hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide binds to hemoglobin
200x better.

Carbon Monoxide
Sources?

Carbon Monoxide
Sources?
Car

Exhaust

Cigarette

Smoke

Smoking
Chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, and
cancer
Over 2000 chemicals in
tobacco smoke.
What gives the lung at
the top its dark color?

Carcinogens in Tobacco
Carcinogen: substance that increases
the potential for tumor growth
50 carcinogens in smoke (2 radioactive)
eg.- Nicotine, Formaldehyde

Implicated in 90% of lung cancers

Dynamic Human
Mechanics of Breathing, Gas
Exchange, and Carbon Monoxide

Spirometry

Spirometry
Respiratory volumes
tidal volume: air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet
breath
inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal
inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort
expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal
expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
residual volume: air remaining in lungs after
maximum expiration, keeps alveoli inflated

Spirometry Exercise
Each group is to measure one members
tidal and expiratory reserve volume.
Record on front board, indicating gender.
After all groups are done, average total
to get class average tidal and expiratory
reserve volume and compare to known
averages.

Bronchioscopy
Flexible tube with camera attached
Used to identify blockages in bronchi
and to biopsy tumors/growths

Dynamic Human
Spirometry and Bronchoscopy

Asthma
Inflammation reaction in the lung
caused by and allergen
Results in bronchoconstriction and
sometimes suffocation

Treatments for Asthma

Inhalers daily or rescue
Albuterol
Vanceril

Pills - daily
Accolade
Singular

Injection or Nebulizer - rescue

Ephinedrine

Gross Anatomy
Human/Cow
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs

How many lobes?

Larynx
Epiglottis

Cat

Left and right lungs

How many lobes?

Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Larynx