Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BLOOD
Miss Nurul
At the end of this lecture, the student will
be able to;
Describe the general function of blood.
State the composition of blood.
Explain the formation of blood
(haemopoeisis/ hemopoeisis).
Describe the ABO and RH blood group.
Explain the mechanism of blood clotting.
The CARDIOVASCULAR system consists of 3
interrelated components;
1. Blood
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
* cardio= heart, vascular= blood & blood
vessels
Hematology is the study about blood.
3 general function of blood
1. Transportation
Oxygen from lungs to cells
Carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
Carries nutrient from GIT to cells
Eliminate heat & waste product from cells
Hormones from endocrine gland to other body
cells
2. Regulation
pH of body fluids
Heat absorbing & coolant properties of the
water in blood plasma
Help skin to adjust temperature
Blood osmotic pressure
3. Protection
Blood clot when injury blood loss
WBCs protect against disease.
Phagocytes, antibodies
Additional protein help to against disease
Interferon, complement
Composed of 2 portion;
1. Plasma
2. Formed elements
A liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved
substance.
3 elements that formed blood
1. Red blood cells (RBCs)
2. White blood cells (WBCs)
a. Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
basophils
b. Agranular leukocytes
T & B lymphocytes, natural killer cells
monocytes
3. Platelets
Isknown as haemopoeisis/ hemopoeisis.
Occurs throughout life
In response to specific hormones, stem cells
undergo a series of changes to form blood cells
Pluripotent(several) stem cells in red bone
marrow can develop;
Lymphoid stem cells lymphocytes (in
lymphatic tissues)
Myeloid stem cells all other WBCs, all RBCs,
and platelets (in red bone marrow)
Also known as erythrocytes
Structure
Biconcave disc concave both side
Provides for maximal gas exchange
8µm in diameter
Mature RBCs
no nucleus & other organelles
Lack of nucleus causes biconcave disc shape
flexible for passing through capillaries
HEMOGLOBIN
oxygen-carrying protein
Carries 98.5% of O2 and 23% of CO2
pigment that give whole blood red colour
Live only ~ 120 days due to
Wear & tear on their plasma membrane as they
squeeze through blood capillaries
3 7
4 6
5
Fe3+
2 Heme Ferritin Fe3+
Transferrin +
Bilirubin Globin
9 +
Biliverdin Liver Vitamin B12
Bilirubin 11
1 Red blood cell +
death and 10
Small Erythopoietin
phagocytosis
intestine
Kidney
Bilirubin
8 Erythropoiesis in
13 red bone marrow
12
Urobilin
Macrophage in Urobilinogen Bacteria Key:
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow in blood
Stercobilin
Large 14
intestine in bile
Urine Feces
Get a rest, take 5!!
The process of RBC synthesis
Known as reticulocytes
34% Hb, some organelles
Will develop into erythrocytes after 1-2 days in
bloodstream.
Production and destruction normally
balanced
Stimulus for erythropoiesis
1. low O2 delivery (hypoxia) in blood passing to
kidneys erythropoietin (EPO) release
2. EPO circulate to red bone marrow
increased O2 delivery in blood
Signsof lower than normal RBC count
changes in skin, mucous membranes, and
finger nail beds
1. Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
1. Extrinsic pathway
2. Intrinsic pathway
Blood clotting occur rapidly
So-named due to damaged tissue cells
release a tissue protein tissue factor
(TF) into the blood from outside the blood
vessels.
With helped of Ca² and several factor