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ENGINEERING
Geology, benefits to
everyone on this
planet.
Radio, clothes, car
exist because of
what geologists
have discovered
about earth.
Mankind might have survived an
earthquake, flood or other natural
disaster because the scientists
(geologists) have learned about
these hazards.
Civil engineering
works are all
carried out on or
in the ground.
Ground properties
& processes are
therefore
significant
To understand the
principles of
geology in civil
engineering
constructions AND
avoid failures
Effect of
geologic
elements
(rock, soils,
landslides,
earthquakes,
groundwater
) must be
understood
to ensure
safety &
sustainable
development
An engineering geologist is an
individual who applies geologic data,
principles, and interpretation so that
geologic factors affecting the
planning, design, construction, and
maintenance of civil engineering
works are properly recognized and
utilized
(Geologist and Geophysicist Act 1986).
Geology
Soft ground & settlement
Weak ground & potential failure
Unstable slopes & potential
sliding
Severe erosion (river or coastal)
Potential earthquake hazard
Potential volcanic hazard
Rock required as a material
Responses
Foundation design to reduce or redistribute
loading
Ground improvement or cavity filling; or
identify & avoid hazard zone.
Stabilise or support slopes; or avoid hazard
zone.
Slow down process with rock or concrete
defences (limited scope).
Structural design to withstand vibration; or
avoid hazard zone.
Delimit & avoid hazard zones; attempt eruption
prediction.
Resource assessment & rock testing.
Earth visualised as a
giant machine driven by
two engines, both are
Heat engines
External
Internal
Internal
Driven by heat
moving from the
hot interior of the
earth toward the
cooler exterior.
Moving plates and
earthquakes are
products of this
heat engine.
External
Driven by solar
power. Heat from
the Sun provides
the energy for
circulating the
atmosphere and
oceans. Water,
especially from the
ocean, evaporates
because of solar
heating.
Over long
periods of
time, moisture
at the Earths
surface hepls
rock
disintegrate.
Mountaions
originally
raised by
Earths
internal force
(internal
engine) are
worn away by
Plate tectonics
regards the
lithosphere as
broken plates
that are in
motion.
The plates, which
are much like
segments of the
cracked shell on a
boiled egg.
Plates
move
toward each
other
By accommodating the addition of new
sea floor at divergent boundaries, the
destruction of old sea floor at
convergent boundaries ensures the
Earth does not grow in size.
A fault is a
crack in the
Earth's crust.
Typically,
faults are
associated
with, or form,
the boundaries
between
Earth's
tectonic
plates.
In an active
fault, the
pieces of the
Earth's crust
along a fault
move over
time.
The moving
rocks can
cause
earthquakes.
Faults are
fractures in
the Earths
surface along
which
displacement
has occurred
If movement
could take
place
continuously
along faults
then major
earthquakes
would not
occur.
Tsunami, is
preferred by
geologist to
represent the
huge waves.
Tsunami also
called as
seismic sea
waves.
The sudden
movement of
the sea floor
upward or
downward,
during a
submarine
earthquake
400 m
wavelength
90 km/h
15 m high
160
kilometers
wavelength
900 km/h
30 m high
A tsunami is
generated in
an ocean by a
disturbance
such as an
earthquake,
landslide,
volcanic
eruption, or
meteorite
impact.
Can be caused by
large
earthquakes, can
also cause
tsunami waves to
form as water
attempts to find a
stable position.
Undersea
earthquakes,
which typically
occur at
boundaries
between
Earths
tectonic
plates, cause
the water
above to be
moved up or
down.
can create
enough force to
uplift the water
column and
generate a
tsunami.
Asteroid impacts
disturb the water
from above, as
momentum from
falling debris is
transferred to the
water into which
the debris falls.
killing over
230,000
people
Height of
waves = 30
meters
Energy
released =
26 megatons of
TNT
Energy released =
1500 times that of the
Hiroshimaatomic bomb
1000 km/h
Energy
released =
26 megatons of
TNT
This is a result of
strong vibration
and is normally
related to
moderate to large
earthquakes
When liquefaction
occurs the shear
strength of the
soil is reduced
essentially to
zero.