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Solubility's of Solid

Compounds

Solubilities of Solids increase with


larger Surface Area
Remember, greater surface area =
faster dissolving
This is because dissolution can only
occur at the surface of solid particles
where the solvent can touch

Solubilities of Solids Generally


Increase with Temperature
Another way to increase the
solubility of solids is to increase the
temperature
This is effective because, generally,
solvent molecules at a higher
temperature have more kinetic
energy and can dissolve more.
THE SOLUBILITY OF A SUBSTANCE AT
A GIVEN TEMPERATURE IS AMOUNT
OF SOLUTE PER AMOUNT OF

Agitation or Stirring can increase


solubility
Stirring a solution (agitating it)
increases the solubility of solution
by increasing the rate of dissolution

In Summary:
There are three ways to increase the
rate of dissolution of a solid in
solution (e.g. sugar in a cup of tea)
1. Increase the surface area (by
crushing the sugar)
2. Increasing the temperature
3. Stirring or agitating the solution

Solubility of Ionic Solids:


Dissociation
Dissolving of an ionic compound involves the
separation of ions from the lattice into
individual dissolved ions.
This process is called Dissociation. Two ions
are produced for each formula unit of a solid.

Dissociation Equation:
NaCl Na+ + ClAn equation for the dissociation of an ionic solid shows the
solid on the left side and aqueous ions on the right side

Solubility and Ionic


Substances
In order to dissolve

ionic substances, the


strong electronegative
bonds between ions
must be broken
Polar solvents are
attracted to the ions
If the force between
an ion and a solvent is
stronger than of
attraction between the
ions themselves, the

Solutions at Equilibrium
In saturated solutions, dynamic
equilibrium exists between
undissolved solids and ionic species
in solution.
It is considered dynamic because
solute particles are dissolving and
recrystallizing at the same rate.

Solubility Rules
Remember that when combining two
aqueous solutions of ionic
compounds.
1. We must write the equation for
a precipitation reaction
2. We must check the solubility
rules to see if there is a
insoluble compound formed

Solubility Rules: Example


KOH and NH4Cl
1. Write an equation:
KOH + NH4Cl KCl + NH4OH (notice they have
swapped partners)

2. We then check for insoluble compounds


KCl: SOLUBLE (chlorides are soluble except those
of Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+)
NH4OH: SOLUBLE (hydroxides are insoluble
except those of group 1 and NH4+ )
PLEASE NOTE THAT NH4+ COMPOUNDS ARE ALL
SOLUBLE

Solubility Rules: Example


NH4Cl and AgNO3
1. Write an equation:
AgNO3 + NH4Cl AgCl + NH4NO3 (notice
they have swapped partners)

2. We then check for insoluble compounds


AgCl: NOT SOLUBLE (chlorides are soluble
except those of Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+)
NH4NO3: SOLUBLE (All nitrates are soluble)

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