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Bones, Muscles,
and Skin
Chapter 10 Section 1
Organization and
Homeostasis
Levels of
Organization
The levels of organization in complex
organisms, including most plants and
animals, consist of cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems
Smallest unit of organization is the cell,
and the largest is the organ system
Cells: Structure and
Function
Cell- the basic unit of structure and
function in a living thing
Structure- an organism’s body plan, or the
way its parts are arranged
Function- part of an organism’s job, or the
process it carries out
Cell membrane- forms outside boundary of
the cell
Nucleus- control center that directs the
cell’s activities and contains information
that determines the cell’s characteristics
Cytoplasm- Area between the cell
membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm contains a clear, jellylike
substance in which many important cell
structures, called organelles are found
Cells contain molecules from digested food
that provide energy and they get rid of
waste products, grow, and reproduce
Tissues
Tissue is the next largest unit or
organization in complex organisms
Tissue- a group of similar cells that
perform the same function
Animal’s body contains contains four
basic types of tissue: muscle tissue,
nerve tissue, connective tissue, and
epithelial tissue
Tissues
Muscle tissue can contract and shorten
functioning to make parts of the body
move
Nerve Tissue- directs and controls
movement
Nerve tissue carries messages back and
forth between the brain and every other
part of the body
The brain is made up of mostly nerve tissue
Connective tissue-provides support for the
body and connects all its parts; bone, fat
Epithelial tissue- covers the surfaces of the
outermost layer of the skin, protects
delicate structures that lie beneath it
Organs and Organ
Systems
Organ- a structure that is composed of different
kinds of tissue
Stomach, heart, brain, and lungs are organs
Organs have a specific function
Each organ is part of an organ system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Excretory system
Immune system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal System
Skin
Maintaining Stable
Internal Conditions
The organ systems in an organism work
together to maintain homeostasis, the
body’s tendency to keep an internal
balance
Homeostasis- the process by which an
organism’s internal environment is kept
in equilibrium, or stable, in spite of
changes in the external environment
All organisms have ways of regulating
the amount of water inside them
Maintaining Temperature
Responding to stimuli
temperature
whether you are in or outside an
a blizzard or an organism’s body
overheated room that causes the
The body maintains
an average organism to react
temperature of in some way
98.6°F Response- action or
Sickness may cause
the body’s change in
temperature to rise behavior that
Perspiration is the occurs as the
body’s response to
environmental result of a
conditions to stimulus
maintain a stable Hunger is an
body temperature
The sweat cools the internal stimulus
body Food is an external
stimulus
Eating food is the
Physical Responses to
Fight or flight
stress
What is homeostasis?