Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 12 Turbines
Windmill
CS
1 ( r1V1 ) m
2 ( r2 V2 )
Tshaft m
(2)
W
shaft T shaft
(3)
1 ( U1V1 ) m
2 ( U 2 V 2 )
W
shaft m
W
w shaft shaft ( U1V1 ) ( U 2 V 2 )
(4)
(5)
m
1m
2
m
(3)
(3 (4) (5) :The basic governing equations for pumps or
turbines whether the machines are radial-, mixed, or axial-flow
devices and for compressible and incompressible flows.
9
Turbines
10
Turbines 1/6
Turbines are devices that extract energy from a flowing
fluid.
The geometry of turbines is such that the fluid exerts a
torque on the rotor in the direction of its rotation.
The shaft power generated is available to derive generators
or other devices.
The two basic types of hydraulic turbines are impulse
Turbines 2/6
For hydraulic impulse
Turbines 3/6
Diagram shows a reaction
turbine.
13
Turbines 4/6
For impulse turbines
Turbines 5/6
For reaction turbines
15
Turbines 6/6
Summary
16
17
and is deflected.
The water enters and leaves the control volume
surrounding the wheel as free jet.
A person riding on the bucket would note that the speed of
the water doest not change as it slides across the buckets.
That is, the magnitude of the relative velocity does not
change, but its direction does.
18
V1 V1 W1 U (48)
V2 W2 cos U (49)
With W1=W2
V2 V1 ( U V1 )(1 cos )
(48)+(49)
(50)
20
rm ( U V1 )(1 cos )
Tshaft m
W
shaft Tshaft
U ( U V1 )(1 cos )
m
(51)
21
23
W
shaft QU ( U V1 )(1 cos )
(51)
V12
z0
hL
2g
V2
hL f
D 2g
D1 V12
113 .5
z0 1 f
4
D D 2g
152
D
1
4
Q D12 V1 / 4
24
W
shaft
323UD12
1 152 D14
113 .5
1 152 D14
W
shaft
D1=0.239ft
W
shaft
3.25 10 4 ft lb / s 59.0hp
25
V1
U R
2
V1
295rpm
2R
26
Water flows through the Pelton wheel turbine shown in Fig. 12.24.
For simplicity we assume that the water is turned 180 by the blade.
Show, based on the energy equation, that the maximum power
output occurs when the absolute velocity of the fluid exiting the
turbine is zero.
27
QU
(
U
V
)(
1
cos
Q
(
U
UV1 )
shaft
1
p1 V12
p 2 V22
z1
z 2 hT h L
2g
2g
V12 V22
hT
hL
2g
V2=0
29
32
An air turbine used to drive the high-speed drill used by your dentist
is shown in Fig. E12.8a. Air exiting from the upstream nozzle holes
force the turbine blades to move in the direction shown. Estimate
the shaft energy per unit mass of air flowing through the turbine
under the following conditions. The turbine rotor speed is 300,000
rpm, the tangential component of velocity out of the nozzle is twice
the blade speed, and the tangential component of the absolute
velocity out of the rotor is zero.
33
34
rm 12 ( ro ri )
(5)
w shaft U1V1 U 2 V2
V1 2 U
V2 0
U rm ... 394ft / s
w shaft ... 9640ftlb / lbm
35
36
axial-flow.
CQ
Cp
D 3
gh T
2 D 2
W
shaft
3 D 5
38
pump efficiency
W
shaft
gQh T
39
C H 1 (C Q )
C p 2 ( C Q )
3 ( C Q )
40
W
shaft /
( gh T ) 5 / 4
N 'sd
( rpm ) W
shaft ( bhp)
[ h T (ft )]5 / 4
(53)
41
turbine-type selection.
The actual turbine
efficiency for a given
turbine depends very
strongly on the detailed
design of the turbine.
42
43
94%
3
3
20ft (0.94)
21.3hp
550ft lb / s hp
N 'sd
W
shaft
( h T )5 / 4
(Fig. 12.32)
39.3
A mixed-flow Francis turbine would probably
give the highest efficiency and an assumed
efficiency of 0.94 is appropriate.
44