POLYMER TECHNOLOGY

TKK 2134

Chemical
Engineerin
g UMS

Instructor : Dr. Rois Fatoni

Information

Class :
International
Location : F II.5
Schedule

Thursdays 10:20
12:00 AM

Email:
rois.fatoni@ums.a
c.id

Resource(s)/Book(s)

Polymer Science
and Technology
(Robert O.
Ebelwele)
Pslc.ws/macrog/
Hand-out
materials

Schedule
Class/Week

Topic

Reading

Assignment

Introdction

Chapter 1

Task 1

2-3

Polymerization
Mechanisms

Chapter 2

Polymer Bonding and

Structure

Chapter 3

Polymer Modification

Chapter 5

Condensation
Polymerization

Chapter 6

Chain Reaction
Polymerization

Chapter 7

Polymer Additives and

Reinforcement

Chapter 9

Polymer Reaction
Engineering

Chapter 10

10

Unit Operatins in
Polymer Processing

Chapter 11

11-12

Mechanical Properties of
Polymers

Chapter 13

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4

Task 5

Objectives and Results

Objectives
To Understand basic principles and fundamentals of
polymeric materials.
To Understand polymer preparation and processing
methods.
To Understand various polymer properties and applications.

Results
Students Know how to select certain polymers for specified
application
Students are able to characterize polymeric materials.

Skills developed
Technical Skills : Polymer Characterization
Personal Skills : team work and presentation skills.

Marking Scheme

Tasks : 30%
Mid-term Exam : 30%
Final Exam : 30%
Attendance : 10%

Chapter 1 Introduction

Cellulose Nitrate (1864)

Phenol-formaldehyde (phenolics) palstics (1909)

The need for ivory substitutes for billiards ball.

Cotton + Nitric acid (with camphor) => cellulose
nitrate
Invented by John Wesley Hyatt
The first truly man-made plastics
Invented by Leo Hendrick Baekeland

The Structure of Polymer

Herman Straudinger : Macromolucule of

polyoxymethylene
W.T. Carothers : Nylon and polymer classification

Timeline of polymers

Timeline of polymers

Timeline of polymers

Basic concepts and

definitions

Poly = many; mere = parts

Styrene has double bonds which opened up to combine
with other styrene molecules to create polymer chain
n = degree of polymerizations; indicates the size of
polymer chain
The residue/part of monomer that become the
repeating unit of polymer is called the structural unit

Basic concepts and

definitions

The structural unit of polystyrene is styrene.

In nylon 6, 6 the structural unit is a combination
of residue of hexamethylenediamine

and residue of adipic acid.

Basic concepts and definitions

Polymer: High molecular weight molecule made

up of a small repeat unit (monomer).

A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A

Monomer: Low molecular weight compound that

can be connected together to give a poymer
Oligomer: Short polymer chain
Copolymer: polymer made up of 2 or more
monomers

Random copolymer: A-B-B-A-A-B-A-B-A-B-B-B-A-A-B

Alternating copolymer: A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B
Block copolymer: A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B

Basic concepts and

definition

The number of repeating units (n) is

called degree of polymerization
MW (polymer) = DP x MW(monomer)
Polystyrene with DP=7 is a viscous
polystyrene
Polysterene with DP =1000 is a solid
polystyrene
MW(polymer) has profound effect of
polymer properties

Molecular Weight of
Polymer

Polymeric
materials are

combinations of polymer
chains with different DP.
The graph shows the MW
distributions of polymer
material.

= Polydispersity

Index

Polydispersity Index of Polymer

PDI = 1 => the polymer sample consists

of polymer chains that has same DP.
The larger the PDI, the broader the MW
distribution.

Polydispersity Index of
Polymer

Types of Polymers

Polymer Classifications

Thermoset: cross-linked polymer that cannot be

melted (tires, rubber bands)
Thermoplastic: Meltable plastic
Elastomers: Polymers that stretch and then return to
their original form: often thermoset polymers
Thermoplastic elastomers: Elastic polymers that can
be melted (soles of tennis shoes)

Polymer Families

Polyolefins: made from olefin (alkene) monomers

Polyesters, Amides, Urethanes, etc.: monomers linked
by ester, amide, urethane or other functional groups
Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides, DNA, proteins

Common Polyolefins
Monomer
Ethylene
CH3
Propylene
Ph
Styrene

Polymer
Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Polystyrene

CH3

H3C

F2C CF2
Tetrafluoroethylene

Poly(vinyl chloride)

CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

Ph

Ph

Ph

Ph

Cl
Vinyl Chloride

Repeat unit

Cl

F3C
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene): Teflon

Cl
F2
C

C
F2

Cl
F2
C

C
F2

Cl
F2
C

C
F2

CH3

Ph

F2
C

Ph

Ph
CH3

Cl

C
nF
2

Cl
F2
C

C
F2

Cl
F2
C

C
F2

CF3

Polyesters, Amides, and

Urethanes
Monomer
Polymer
HO2C

CO2H

Terephthalic
acid
O

OH

HO
Ethylene
glycol

Poly(ethylene terephthalate

HO

Nylon 6,6

O
CO2H H2N

HO2C

NH2

1,4-Diamino
benzene

Terephthalic
acid

H2
C

OCN

NCO

4,4-diisocyantophenylmethane
O
HO

H
N

H2
C

Kevlar

Ester
O

NH2
OH H2N
4
1,6-Diaminohexane

H2 H2
O C C O H

HO

HO
4
Adipic Acid

HO

O
4

N
H

N
4
H
Amide
O

H
n

H
N

H
N H
n

OH
HO
Spandex
Ethylene
glycol
O
H2 H2
H
N
O C C O H
n

Urethane linkage

Natural Polymer
Polymer

Monomer

Polyisoprene:
Natural rubber

Isoprene

H OH

H OH
HO
HO

HO
H

OH
H
H
-D-glucose

OH

Poly(-D-glycoside):
cellulose

O
H3N

O
O

Polyamino acid:
protein

R
O Amino Acid
O P O
O

OH
Nucleotide
Base = C, G, T, A

H3N

oligonucleic acid
DNA

OH
H

H
N

R1
DNA

Base

HO

O
HO

Rn+1

OH
n

H
N
n

OH
Rn+2

O
O P O

O
O

DNA

Base

Classification of Polymer

Natural vs Synthetic (previous slides)

Polymer Structure

Linear, branched, or cross-linked

Functionality of monomers

Functionality :

Inter-linking capacity of molecule

The number of sites molecule has available
for bonding with other molecules under the
specific conditions for polymerization
Example of monofunctional molecules

Functionality

Example of bifunctional molecules

Example of polyfunctional molecules

Functionality vs Polymer
structure

Monofunctional => no polymerization

Bifunctional => linear polymer

Polystyrene (2), Polypropylene (21),

polyacrylonitrile (22),
polymethylmetacrylate(23), polyvinyl
chloride(24)

Functionality vs polymer
structure

Polyfunctional => branched, crosslinked, or ladder polymer

Task #1

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