Incarcari din vant /wind

loads
conf normativ CR1-1-4/2012
according to Romanian Code
CR1-1-4/2012

Vantul este un agent climatic dat de

miscarea unor mari mase de aer in
raport cu suprafata pamantului.
Miscarea este datorata incalzirii neuni
forme a atmosferei si scoartei
terestre de catre soare
z
(m)

Miscare
laminara
umed(z)

Wind is a climatic agent given by the

movement of large air masses with
respect to Earth level. The nonuniform
solar heating of the atmosphere is
responsible for the air masses
movement
z (m)
flow

umed= constant
u(z)=cst.in time

=constant
u (z) =constant in
timp
Miscare
umed =variaza
turbulenta
logaritmic cu
inaltimea

u(z)
=variaza in
timp u(z
H= inaltime de gradient )

Laminar

Turbulent
flow
umed = logarithmically varies
with height

u(z)u(z)=
varies in time

in zona de interes pentru domeniul

cladirilor viteza vantului poate fi exprimata ca suma de 2 componente:
componenta statica constanta in
timp u(H)med= viteza medie a vantului
in intervalul de timp considerat la
inaltimea H deasupra terenului
componenta dinamica dependenta
de timp u*H(t)= viteza de rafala,
introduce variatia in timp a vitezei
vantului ,in raport cu viteza medie
u (H,t)= u(H)med + u* H(t)
uH(t)
u* H(t)
u(H)med

for building design purposes, the wind

speed may be expressed as the sum
of two components:
the static component constant in
time, uHmed=mean wind velocity within
the considered interval evaluated at the
height H above the ground.
the dynamic component time dependent
u*H(t)= gust speed, introducing the time
variation of wind velocity with respect to
the mean velocity
u (H,t) = u(H)med + u* H(t)
uH(t)
u* H(t)
u(H)med

 The value of average speed and the one of the gust

speed at a certain height H, depends on the rugosity
of the surroundings at a height H. In the case of the
zones with reduced rugosity umed has an greater value
than in the case of the zones with increased rugosity
at the same height H.
The amplitude of the variation of the gust speed is
smaller in the zones with reduced rugosity.
The response of a construction to the wind action is,
generally, the sum of two components:
- a quasistatic one of due to the average speed of wind
- a dynamic component given by the gusts with big
frequency

 The current buildings are rigid, for this reason the

dynamic response to the wind action is negligible and
can be considered of static type.
The kinetic energy of the air masses in motion change
in to potential energy at the contact with rigid envelope of
the building, and is materialized by a pressure exerted
on the respective surface.
The relationship between the wind speed and the
pressure exerted on a surface normal to its direction is:
qb= 0, 625 nb2.
In structural design of the buildings, the wind actionis
modelled starting from a reference dynamic wind
pressure qb, associated to a territorial macrozonation.
It is established on the basis of an average wind speed
determined under the following conditions:

- the intermediation is done with instantaneous values

moderated within a 10 min interval

- the measurements are done in the open field to a
conventional height of 10 meters
- the annual probability of exceeding in the undesirable
sense for a building is of 2%.
The values of qref, besides the fact that they are refering
to a conventional height of 10 m, are also refering to
plane building surfaces, disposed perpendicular to the
direction of the wind and situated in open field.
For passing to the concrete situation of a given
construction surfaces the Roumanian reglementation in
force uses several correction coefficients

 In the case of constructions of usual type, the wind

pressure/sucction on the exterior or interior surface
of an envelope area is depending on height z with
respect to the surface of the ground.
The expression of this functions is, as given in
codes:
we=q p (ze)*c pe*giw [KN/m2] (interior pressures
respect the formula with diff. coeff.)
where:
we= the wind pressure /sucction on an envelope
area at a hight z above the ground level
Ze= the refference height for exterior pressure
c pe= the aerodynamic coefficient of pressure of the
considered envelope zone

 When the expression is applied to an exterior surface the

coefficient cp has the notation cpe, when the expression
is applied to an interior surface the coefficient cp has the
notation cpi.
q p = the peak value of the dynamic wind pressure at a
certain height z above ground level is given by the
formula:
qp(z) = cpq(z) * qm(z)= cpq(z) * cr2(z) * q b
where
cr( z) = rugosity factor

cpq(z)= gust factor

qm(z)= mean value of dynamic wind pressure at a

certain height z
The factor cr(z) introduces in the expression the
influence of the ground surface rugosity of the

 z0= rugosity caracteristic of the ground (in meters with the

significance of the rugosity length)
kr( z0) = coefficient of rugosity.
The values of the two elements are given in codes
depending on the type of the rugosity of the ground below
The maximum values are met in the case of locations not
exposed to the wind action, and the minimum in the case
of very exposed locations. The values cr for a given height
are increasing in open spaces.
The gust factor introduces in the model the effect of the
turbulence of the wind, for it represents the ratio between
the peak gust pressure and the average pressure of wind.