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SEDIMENTS &

SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS

ROCK CYCLE

Relative Percentages of
Sedimentary Rocks

SEDIMENT

From
Weathering & Erosion
Precipitation from saturated solution

Product of evaporation

calcite, quartz
halite, gypsum

Unconsolidated- NOT cemented

SEDIMENT

Particle size
Pebbles, cobbles, boulders
Gravel- > 2mm
Sand- 2mm - 0.063mm
Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm
Clay- < 0.004

Deposition Clay-sized particle vs. clay


mineral

SEDIMENT

Transportation
Abrasion
Rounding
Sorting
Deposition

Environment of deposition- specific

Preservation

SEDIMENT

Transportation
Abrasion
Rounding
Sorting
Deposition

Environment of deposition- specific

Preservation

SEDIMENT

Lithification

Compaction

Decrease in pore space

for very fine grain size (clay)

Cementation
Clastic texture
Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide

Crystallization

Crystalline texture

SEDIMENT

Lithification

Compaction

Decrease in pore space

for very fine grain size (clay)

Cementation
Clastic texture
Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide

Crystallization

Crystalline texture

SEDIMENT

Lithification

Compaction

Decrease in pore space

for very fine grain size (clay)

Cementation
Clastic texture
Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide

Crystallization

Crystalline texture

TYPES OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic or Detrital
Chemical- inorganic precipitation
or evaporation
Biochemical- Organic remains

shells,

charcoal, plant fragments

CLASTIC (Detrital)
ROCKS

Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)


Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
Conglomerate- rounded fragments

Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)


Quartz sandstone
Arkose (feldspar)
Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)

Fine-grained Matrix
Usually from turbidity currents

CLASTIC (Detrital)
ROCKS

Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)


Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
Conglomerate- rounded fragments

Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)


Quartz sandstone
Arkose (feldspar)
Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)

Fine-grained Matrix
Usually from turbidity currents

Quartz Sandstone

CLASTIC ROCKS

Fine-grained Rocks
Shale- fissile (in sheets)
Siltstone
Claystone
Mudstone (silt and clay)

CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Carbonate Rocks

Limestone- made of calcite

Inorganic varieties

micrite, oolites, travertine

Dolomite
Recrystallization

Chert- silica
Evaporites
Rock gypsum
Rock salt

BIOCHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Coal

Develops from peat

plant fragments

Lignite
Bituminous Coal

Carbonate Rocks

Limestone- made of calcite

organic varieties

Coquina
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk

BIOCHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Coal

Develops from peat

plant fragments

Lignite
Bituminous Coal

Carbonate Rocks

Limestone- made of calcite

organic varieties

Coquina
Fossiliferous Limestone
Chalk

SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES

BEDDINGPrinciple of Original Horizontality


Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES

BEDDINGPrinciple of Original Horizontality


Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

DUNES

SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES

BEDDINGPrinciple of Original Horizontality


Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES

BEDDINGPrinciple of Original Horizontality


Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

Mudcracks

SEDIMENTARY
STRUCTURES

BEDDINGPrinciple of Original Horizontality


Bedding plane
Cross-bedding
Graded bed
Mud cracks
Ripple marks
Fossils

Body Fossils
Trace Fossils

FORMATIONS

Large enough to show on a map


Distinctive from neighboring rock
units
Named after geographic locations
CONTACT
separation between 2 distinct rock units
Sedimentary contact
Other contacts

INTERPRETATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Source Area
Environment of Deposition

Glacial environments

Alluvial fan

Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded

Lake

Arkose

River channel and flood plain

Tillites

Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones

Delta

INTERPRETATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Source Area
Environment of Deposition

Glacial environments

Alluvial fan

Interbedded shales and sandstones; cross-bedded

Lake

Arkose

River channel and flood plain

Tillites

Shales; interbedded siltstones and mudstones

Delta

Glacial Environment &


Till

INTERPRETATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Environment of Deposition

Beach, Barrier Island, Dune

Lagoon

Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed

Reef

Shales

Shallow marine shelf

Very well sorted quartz sandstones

Skeletal Limestones

Deep marine environment

Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

INTERPRETATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Environment of Deposition

Beach, Barrier Island, Dune

Lagoon

Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed

Reef

fine grained sediment

Shallow marine shelf

Very well sorted quartz sandstones

Skeletal Limestones

Deep marine environment

Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

CALCAREOUS

INTERPRETATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Environment of Deposition

Beach, Barrier Island, Dune

Lagoon

Interbedded sandstones and shales; burrowed

Reef

Shales

Shallow marine shelf

Very well sorted quartz sandstones

Skeletal Limestones

Deep marine environment

Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to shales

INTERPRETATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks

At convergent boundaries

Uplift results in

Very rapid rates of erosion


Thick accumulations of clastic sediment

At transform boundaries
Rapid rates of erosion, deposition and burial
Good basins for petroleum exploration

At divergent boundaries

Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel and


coarse sediment

Resources

Non-Metallic
Sand and gravel
Limestone
Clay
Gypsum

Energy Resources
Oil and gas
Coal

Formation of Oil and Gas

U.S. Coal
Production

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