FCB 21002

Ducting and Piping Network

-Hydronic system types-

 PRESENTATOR
• Nur Syafiq bin Halimi (50206209244)
• Saifullah bin Shukeri Jamil (50206209039)
• Mohd Nurul Imran bin Mustaffa (50206209246)
• Mohamad Azizuddin bin Mohd Salleh
(50206209283)
•
 TOPIC REVIEW

Hydronic system types :

Open and Closed types
Direct and Reverse return
One-, Two-, Three- and Four- Pipe
systems
Primary and Secondary looping
 PROLOGUE
Hydronics is the use of water as the heat-transfer medium
in heating and cooling systems.

Some of the oldest and most common examples are steam

and hot-water radiators.

A hydronic system may include both a chilled and a heated

water loop, to provide for both heating and air conditioning.

Chillers and cooling towers are used separately or together as

means to provide water cooling, while boilers heat water.

Many larger cities have a district heating system that

provides, through underground piping, publicly available
steam and chilled water. A building in the service district
may be connected to these on payment of a service fee.
BBas
as ic Typ e o f Hy dro nic Sy stem
Cl assi fi cati on of H ydr oni c S yste m
G ene ral Pi ping Ar rang em ent Cat egor ies
 OPEN AND CLOSED TYPE
• For open system, pipe expose to atmosphere
(outside). For example, from cooling tower to
condenser.
•
• The type are black steel. (commonly used)
• For closed system, pipe not expose to atmosphere
(inside building). For example, from chiller to AHU or
FCU.
•
• The type are galvanized ion (GI). (commonly used)
 The piping materials for
various services are shown
below:
SERVICE TYPE OF PIPE
Chilled water Black and galvanized
steel
Hot water Black steel

Cooling water drains Black

 ONE PIPE SYSTEM
The One Pipe Series Loop uses less pipe than any other
hydronic piping arrangement therefore it is less
expensive to install the piping but you need bigger
radiators or longer baseboards at the end of the loop
because this part of the loop will have less heat.

The radiators or baseboards at the beginning of the loop

use most of the heat thus the reason for the larger
radiators and baseboards at the end of the loop.

There is also a larger temperature drop in this type of

loop between the supply and the return versus other
types of hydronic piping arrangements. The near
boiler piping may need to be modified to prevent large
delta T between supply and return.
 MONOFLOW HYDRONIC LOOP &
MONOFLOW TEES
The monoflow hydronic loop is similar to the one pipe series
except the main loop uses monoflow tees to divert the
water to the radiators or baseboards.

The main hydronic loop maintains a constant flow on a call

for and the water temperatures for each zone are more
even throughout the hydronic loop than the one pipe series
hydronic loop.

The monoflow tee is a special tee which needs to be installed

at the supply and the return for each radiator or baseboard.

This loop system is easy to zone but needs more piping and
special monoflow tees for each separate circuit.
Additionally, if not installed properly flow problems will
occur in radiators and/or baseboards.
TWO PIPES SYSTEM
 DIRECT RETURN piping
The Two Pipe Direct Return Loop utilizes more pipe than
the one pipe series loop but all radiators and
baseboards receive the same temperature of water
therefore it is more even heat than in all the radiators
and/or baseboards than the one pipe series loop.

Another advantage of two pipe direct return loop over

the one pipe series loop is that it can be zoned.

Zoning gives you more control over where and when

you want heat and this can save you money on the
cost of heating.

As with many hydronic loop systems the two pipe direct

return needs balancing valves. The near boiler piping
may need to be modified to prevent large delta T
u rn p ip in g , a s th e n a m e su g g e sts, ta ke s th e m o st d ire ct p a th b a ck to th e
A dva ntag es
Low cost of return piping in most (but not all)
applications, and the supply and return piping are
separated.
Dis adva nt ages
This system can be difficult to balance due to the
supply line being a different length than the return.

The further the heat transfer device is from the boiler

the more pronounced the pressure difference.

Because of this it is always recommended to: minimize

the distribution piping pressure drops; use a pump with
a flat head characteristic, include balancing and flow
measuring devices at each terminal or branch circuit;
and use control valves with a high head loss at the
terminals..
 REVERSE RETURN PIPING
The Two Pipe Reverse Return Hydronic Loop uses more
pipe than the two pipe direct return hydronic loop but
the flow is more balanced and even than the two pipe
direct return hydronic loop.

All baseboards and radiators receive the same

temperature of water so is the same as the two pipe
direct return but an advantage over the one pipe
series hydronic loop.

The two pipe reverse return hydronic loop can also be

zoned offering you savings on your heating bill by
taking advantage of hydronic loop zoning and large
pressure drop.
The return piping takes the same basic path as the supply back to the boiler.
A dva ntag es
This system is often considered "self balancing",
however, valves should always be included.

Dis adva nt ages

The installer or repair person cannot trust that every
system is self balancing without properly testing it.

Very large scale systems can be built using the two-pipe

principle. For example, rather than heating individual
radiators, the steam may be used in the reheat coils of
large air handlers to heat an entire floor of a
building
 THREE PIPES SYSTEM
A three-pipe system is usually used with an induction
system and will satisfy the variation in load by
providing independent sources of heating and cooling
to the room unit in the form of constant temperature
primary or secondary chilled and hot water.

If it used with an induction unit, it contains a single

secondary water coil.

A three-way valve at the inlet of the coil admits the

water from the hot or cold water supply as required.
The water leaving the coil is carried in a common pipe
to either the secondary cooling or heating equipment.
 FOUR PIPES SYSTEM
Systems for induction and radiant panel or fan-coil
systems derive the name four-pipe systems because
of the four pipes to each terminal unit.

The four pipes consist of a cold water supply, a cold

water return, a warm water supply, and a warm water
return.

The four-pipe system satisfies variations in cooling and

heating to the induction units using temperature
primary air, secondary chilled water, and secondary
hot water.

Terminal units are provided with two independent

secondary water coils one served by hot water and the
other by cold water.
 PRIMARY LOOPING
Primary-secondary variable-flow systems: Water
flows through the chiller or boiler primary loop at a
constant rate, and water flows through the secondary
loop, which serves air handlers or fan coils, at a
variable rate.

The decoupled section (shown as common piping in the

diagram below) isolates the two systems hydraulically.
Primary-secondary variable-flow systems are more
energy efficient than constant-flow systems, because
they allow the secondary variable-speed pump to use
only as much energy as necessary to meet the system
demand.
T h e se a re ch ille d -w a te r o r h e a tin g -w a te r syste m s w ith a
sin g le va ria b le - flo w lo o p .

A tw o -w a y b yp a ss va lve is typ ica lly u se d to m a in ta in a

m in im u m sp e cifie d flo w ra te th ro u g h th e ch ille r o r
b o ile r.

Prim a ry -lo o p va ria b le -flo w syste m s a re m o re e fficie n t

th a n p rim a ry -se co n d a ry va ria b le -flo w syste m s.
 SECONDARY LOOPING

Flow Diagram for a Secondary Loop Refrigeration System

Secondary loop systems have all of the refrigeration
associated with liquid chilling located within the
central machine room of the supermarket.

The chiller system resembles the multiplex refrigeration

system since multiple parallel compressors are
employed in both systems.

The compressors are utilized based upon suction

pressure which controls the supply temperature of the
chilled fluid.

The use of multiple compressors allows the refrigeration

capacity to conform to changing operating conditions,
resulting in better fluid temperature control and lower
compressor energy use.
The cooling of the secondary fluid takes place in a heat
exchanger whereby the liquid refrigerant of the chiller
system is evaporated to provide chilling to the
secondary fluid.

Heat rejection for the chiller system is accomplished

utilizing a condenser cooled by ambient air. Either a
dry, air-cooled condenser or an evaporative condenser
may be employed.

The evaporative condenser is favored because of the

lower condensing temperature which may be obtained
by rejecting heat to the lower ambient wet-bulb
temperature.

The lower condensing temperature provides greater

compressor refrigeration capacity and lower power
draw, both of which result in reduced refrigeration
 PIPE SIZING
Open Sy ste m ( Sch edul ed
e d 40 )

C lose d S yst em ( Sch edu lled

ed 40 )
E J our nal - Siz ing Pi pe U sin g L ife Cyc le

ANS I S che dul e 40

ANS I S che dul e 80
-END-