welcome

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD

AGRICULTURE COLLEGE, VIJAYPUR
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE AND

IMAGE ANALYSIS IN PLANT DISEASE
DIAGNOSIS
2

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RASHMI U.S.
PGS14AGR6604

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INTRODUCTION
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly
known as a drone and referred to as a Remotely
Piloted Aircraft (RPA) by the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), is an aircraft without a
human pilot aboard.
Its flight is controlled either autonomously by onboard
computers or by the remote control of a pilot on the
ground or in another vehicle.

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So DRONES stand for

DYNAMIC REMOTELY OPERATED

NAVIGATION SYSTEM

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HISTORY OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

In 1906, George Lawrence used a kite to take a panoramic view of
the ruins of San Francisco after the earthquake.
WORLD WAR 1, 1918 in Palestine general Allenby used 5 pilots
to photograph a 1620 sq km
1935, Commercial aerial photography.
During World War Two 1939-1945, aerial reconnaissance was one
of the key methods of obtaining intelligence about the enemy and
their activities
Cold war: In the 40s and 50s secret surveys were
undertaken by the US, UK and Russian Military because of
security issues and the onset of the cold war
1980 1990: arrival of colour film.

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DIGITAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

During the 90s aerial photography had entered the
digital age. It was now possible to scan the photos and
distribute them as large seamless mosaics, thus paving
the way for GIS.
2004- Large format cameras available.
These large format aerial survey cameras are often fitted
with GPS and inertial Measurement units, which
improved on the accuracy and time to create
orthophotos.

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2004 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

Falcon F8
Octocopter
Since the development of digital cameras, low cost GPS/INS systems

and other sensors have meant, the technology has now advanced
toward the automation of the aerial unmanned vehicle operations and
the acquisition of high resolution images using off-the-shelf cameras

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Types of DRONES

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Parameters for classification

1. Flight altitude
2. Endurance
3. Speed
4. Payload
5. Maximum take off weight
6. Size

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Agricultural Drones includes..

Relatively cheap drones with advanced sensors and
imaging capabilities.
Equipped with autopilot using GPS and a standard point
and shoot camera.
Collects data such as patterns in irrigation, soil variation,
pest infestation etc.

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Overview where Drones are used today ?

Aerial Photography

Pipe/Power line
Surveillance

Real-estate Mapping

Border Surveillance

Transport
Suspect Tracking

Mail/Fright Transport

Traffic Monitoring

Agricultural Applications

Disaster
Response/Relief
Damage Assessment
Infrastructure
Monitoring
Fertilizer Management
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Crowd Control

Movie Productions
Sporting Event
Coverage
Mining detection
Fishery Control

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Application in agriculture
In precision agriculture,
Possibilities include
monitoring plant
health,
Detecting early
outbreak of pests and
diseases,
Refining fertiliser
applications or
scheduling irrigation.
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Mini UAV(mainly agriculture)

1. Maximum take off weight: < 30 kg
2. Maximum Flight altitude:
3. Endurance:
4. Data link range:

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150-300 m

< 2 hours
< 10 km

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FIXED
WING

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Quadcopter

Octocopter

HELICOPTER
TYPE
Mini UAV MK Octo (Hisystems, GmbH)
equipped with thermal imaging system
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Three main components

Horizon Scanning

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Spectral
Response

Imaging

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Horizon Scanning
Reviewing remote sensing solutions
Manned

Imaging Capability 2 - 20cm

FOV

0.5 to 5km

Costs
(dedicated)
Future :

/year

50m 5km

50 - 1500cm

10 50km
0.1M to 2.6M

3M to 14.5M

Miniaturisation and Hyper spectral

LIDAR, SAR, Imaging Spectrometers

Future Platforms:
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0.5 - 20cm

1M to 4.5M

Satellites

UAV

High Altitude Platforms Stratollites, HALE UAVs

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How does UAV work

Flight Plan
Image analysis.

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Multispectral imaging
A multispectral image is one that captures image data
at specific frequencies across the electromagnetic
spectrum.
The wavelengths may be separated by filters or by the
use of instruments that are sensitive to particular
wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the
visible light range, such as infrared.

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WAVE LENGTH APPROXIMATES

Blue: 450-515 to 520 nm, is used for atmosphere and deep water
imaging, and can reach depths up to 150 feet (50 m) in clear water.
Green: 515-520 to 590-600 nm, is used for imaging vegetation and
deep water structures, up to 90 feet (30 m) in clear water.
Red: 600-630 to 680-690 nm, is used for imaging man-made
objects, in water up to 30 feet (9 m) deep, soil, and vegetation.
Near infrared: 750-900 nm, is used primarily for imaging
vegetation.
Mid-infrared: 1550-1750 nm, is used for imaging vegetation, soil
moisture content, and some forest fires.
Mid-infrared: 2080-2350 nm, is used for imaging soil, moisture,
geological features, silicates, clays, and fires.
Thermal infrared: 10400-12500 nm, uses emitted instead of
reflected radiation to image geological structures, thermal
differences in water currents, and fires, and for night studies.
Radar: and related technologies are useful for mapping terrain and
for detecting various objects.
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Hyperspectral Sensing
Provides reflectance values
over a continuous spectrum
( Visible, NIR and MIR)
Useful in estimation of crop
vigor and yield prediction
Discrimination between weeds
and crops/genotypes
Quantitative measurements of
Crop Water Content and LAI
In MIR band - Plant nutrient
status and soil properties
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Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NDVI Imaging
Plants typically absorb visible blue and visible red light while
reflecting green and Near Infrared (NIR) light.
The reason we see a plant as green is because it is reflecting the
green light to our eyes.
Plants also reflect the NIR light because the infrared light doesnt
have enough energy to support photosynthesis. Healthy plants
reflect green and NIR while absorbing blue and red light.
As plants become sick, they dont reflect green and NIR as well.
There is a mathematical algorithm (ENDVI) that works in
conjunction with a special camera that captures both visible and
infrared bands of light.
By processing the picture with ENDVI algorithm, you get a new
picture that shows where plants are happy and where they are not.

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NDVI can provide

Plant Stress Health
Fertilizer Optimisation
Plant disease diagnosis
Insect & Pest plant diagnosis
Help Develop farm plan
Guide cultivation plan
Develop harvest plan based on vigor

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PHOTOGRAMETTRIC
SOFTWARES

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA PROCESSING

Fig: Photogrammetric Data

Processing using Computer
Vision
Fig: Classical Photogrammetric
Workflow
for Data Processing

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Aerial Photogrammetry

UAV Photogrammetry

Comparison between Aerial and UAV Photogrammetry

Particulars
Data Acquisition
Aerial Vehicle

Manual/Assisted
Highly stable specially
designed aircrafts

Assisted/Manual/ Automatic
Small aerial Vehicles with
certain payload capacity

GPS/INS
Configurations
Image Resolution
Ground Coverage
Cameras

cm-dm level accuracy

cm-10 m

cm-m
Km2
Well calibrated cameras
especially designed for
photogrammetric applications

mm-m
m2-km2
Can work with normal digital
cameras

Fudicial Marks
Flying Height

Present
100 m-10 km

Data Processing
Workflows
Salient Feature

Absent
m-km
(not more than 1 km)
No standard workflows

Standard Photogrammetric
Workflow
Better control over the output High temporal accuracy
image quality
with real time applications

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Photogrammetric softwares

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Menci software
APS suite
EnsoMOSAIC UAV
DroneMapper
SimActive
Pix4D
SoftPlotter
INPHO
PHOTOMOD
UASMasper
3DFZephyr

Australis
Linearis3D
Photogrammetry
3D VIA

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The small unmanned aircraft systems

market set to reach $582.2 million by the
end of 2019 (FAA, 2014).
Indian researcher (II Sc. Bengaluru) uses
UAV for mapping farmlands.
Half a dozen startups in India: AirPix,
Asteria ,Aerospace, OM UAV systems;
UAS Dharwad is taking the lead.

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Precision farming
The American National Research Council
defined precision agriculture (or precision
farming) as a management strategy that uses
information technology to bring data from
multiple sources to bear on decisions associated
with crop production.

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Conclusion

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