Review Lectures 23-24

Which of the following is not a

function of the gonads (ovaries and
testes)?
1. Produce gametes (oocytes in females and sperm in
males).
2. Produce sex hormones such as estrogen,
progesterone, and testosterone.
3. Secrete seminal fluid such as nutrients to nourish and
lubricate sperm.
4. Stimulate maturation, development, and maturation of
theAnswer:
reproductive
Number 3. system.

Steps of puberty:

Fill in the missing blanks.

GnRHof ______which
The hypothalamus increases secretion
LH
stimulates the releaseFSH
of gonadotropins
____and ____
from the anterior pituitary.
sex

These hormones stimulate the gonads to produce _____

hormones (testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen).
gamete
sexual
An increase in these hormones start the process of
_________ and ________ maturation.

The perineum is a diamond shaped

area bordered by what three
structures?
1. Pubic Symphysis
2. Ischial Tuberosities
3. Coccyx

In the urogenital triangle larger in males or females?

Answer: Females

Name the structures

of the ovary:
The ovarian
(cortex/medulla) contains
follicles/oocytes.
The ovarian
(cortex/medulla) contains
blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves.

Tunica
albuginea
Cortex

Uterine
tube

Medulla

Lateral sectional view

Answer the following questions concerning

oogenesis and follicle development:
1. What does the primary oocyte develop into?
2. Approximately how many follicles is each female born
with?
3. True/False. Ovary and oocytes are inactive until after
puberty.
4. How many follicles remain in a female when puberty
Answers:
begins.
5.

1. Secondary Oocyte
2. 1.5many
million secondary
How
3. True
month?
4. 400,000
5. 1

follicles are ovulated each

Fill in the following table concerning

the 28 day ovarian cycle:
Name of phase (in
order)

Days of the
Main activity during phase
phase
1-13
FSH and LH stimulate follicle and oocyte maturation.

Follicular Phase
Ovulation
14
A surge in LH causes expulsion of the oocyte from the ovary.
Luteal Phase
15-28
Follicular cells turn into corpus luteum which secretes
estrogen and progesterone to prepare uterus for implantation.

What ultimately causes

menstruation?
1. Flushing of blood to remove dead oocyte.
2. The shedding of the stratum basalis after the oocyte
isnt fertilized
3. The degeneration of the corpus luteum, which
releases blood.
Answer: Number 4.

4. The decrease in hormone release, after implantation

doesnt occur.

Answer the following questions

about the uterine tubes:
1. What structure is the most common site of fertilization and
ectopic pregnancy?
Fimbriae

Ampulla

2. What structure helps the secondary oocyte make into the

oviduct?
1.
Mucosa (Ciliated simple columnar
3.

epithelium).
Name
the three
2.
Muscularis
3. Serosa

layers of the uterine tube wall:

Answer: to help move the egg along with muscular

Bonus Question: Why would it
be important to have ciliated simple
contrations.
columnar epithelium in the uterine tubes?

Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the zygote

outside of the uterus. If tubal pregnancy occurs, by what
week will it no longer survive?
1. 2
2. 8
3. 12
4. 14
Answer: 8

Where else can ectopic pregnancy occur?

Answer: The abdominal cavity.

The uterus is found ________ and

________ to the bladder.
1. Posterior and
Superior
2. Posterior and Inferior
3. Anterior and
Superior
Answer: Posterior and Superior
4. Anterior and Inferior

Bonus: Besides implantation, what other functions does the

uterus perform? Answer: Support, protect, and nourish the embryo and fetus.

Label the following

structures of the
uterus:

1.Fundus
2.Body
3.Cervix
4.External Os

3
4

What function does the mucous in the external os

perform?
Answer: Protective, because it is resistant to
bacteria.

Name the three layers of the uterine

wall from superficial to deep:
Most
Superficial:

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

Most Deep:
The endometrium has 2 layers of mucosa. Which one of the
2 is shed as menses if implantation doesnt occur?
Answer: Stratum Funtionalis

Fill in the chart concerning

the Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle:
Name of phase (in
order)

Days of
phase

Main occurrence of phase

Mestrual Phase 1-5

Stratum functionalis is sloughed off.
Proliferative Phase 6-14
Development of the functional layer.
Secretory Phase 15-28
Further vascularization of functional
layer and
development of uterine glands.

Fill in the missing sections of the

graph:

Follicular Phase
Ovulation

Menstrual Phase
Proliferative Phase

A surge in what hormone causes ovulation to

occur?
Answer: Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

What 2 hormones influence the ovarian

cycle and how?
1. FSH Helps a primary oocyte develop into a
secondary oocyte.
2. LH Helps development of secondary oocyte and also
Note that both these hormones are gonadotropins.
surges to release egg during ovulation.

What 2 hormones influence the utererine

cycle and how?
1. Estrogen Helps develop the stratum functionalis.

2. Progesterone Vacularized the stratum functionalis.

Note that these are both sex hormones.

What disorder is caused by endometrium that is

displaced onto the external surface of organs
within the abdominal cavity? Symptoms generally
include pain, scarring, and deformities.
1. External Shedding
2. Endometrial Cirrhosis
3. Endometriosis
4. Abdominal Implantation
Answer: Endometriosis

True/False: Displaced endometrium can still grow in response

to hormones.
Answer: True, but menses cannot be shed and expelled out of the vagina.

Label the missing structures of the

vagina and external genitalia:
Mons Pubis
Clitoris
Fornix
Vaginal
Orifice

Rugae

Labia Majora

Answer the following questions

concerning the mammary gland:
1. What 2 hormones effect the mammary glands and in
which way?
1. Prolactin Creates milk
2. Oxytocin Ejects milk

2. Approximately how many lobes and lacteriferous

ducts does each breast
have?
Answer:
10 20 per breast
3. What is the name of the pigmented circle around the
nipple that contains many sebaceous ducts?
Answer: Areola

Breast cancer occurs in 1 out of every 8 women and is caused

by genetic factor and an increased level of estrogen exposure
over a long period of time. What 2 things can cause this
increase in estrogen exposure?
1. Early menarche with late menopause.
2.

Never having been pregnant.

What are 2 ways in which a women can be checked for

breast cancer?
1.

Self Breast Exam

2.

Mammogram

Menopause generally occurs in women between ages

45 to 55. All of the following are caused by menopause
except.
1. Cessation of ovulation and
menstruation.
2. Increase in bone mass.
3. Reduction in size of uterus and
breasts.
4. Declination of circulating
estrogen
and progesterone
Answer: Number
2. There is actually a decrease in
bone mass when a women experiences menopause.
levels.

What is the main function of the

scrotum?
1. Provide the warmer temperature needed for sperm production.
2. Provide the cooler temperature needed for sperm production.
3. Keep the testes suspended in a buoyant atmosphere.
4. Help produce sperm by the secreting FSH into the testes.
Answer: Number 2.

Locate the following structures in the scrotum:

1. Raphe
2. Median Septum
3. Dartos Muscle

Which of the following is not part of

the spermatic cord?
1. Ductus (vas) Deferens
2. Cremaster Muscle
3. Dartos Muscle
4. Testicular Nerve
5. Testicular Vessels
Answer: Dartos Muscle

Bonus: Through which structure does the spermatic cord

run?
Answer: Inguinal Ligament

What 2 things do the testes

produce?
1.

Sperm

2.

Androgens (Testosterone)

Can you locate where each of the following structures are?

Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Septa
Testicular lobules
Seminiferous tubules
Efferent ductules

Up to how many testicular lobules

might one testicle contain?
1. 100
2. 150
3. 200
4. 250
Answer: 250

Approximately how many seminiferous tubules are found in each

testicular
1. 1 lobule?
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Answer: 4. Therefore
one testicle can contain
up to 1000
seminiferous ductules.

Interstitial
cells are involved in the production of __________ as where
androge
sustentacular/sertoli cells assist in the development of __________.

ns

sperm

Be able to name the 5 stages of

spermatogenesis in order:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Spermatogonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa (Sperm cell)

Which of the following isnt true

concerning spermatogenesis?
1. Begins at puberty
2. Occurs in seminiferous tubules
3. Controlled by FSH and testosterone
4. 200-300 million sperm are produced each day
Answer: Number 4

Bonus: Where to sperm learn how to use there

flagellum?
Answer: Epididymis (Swim School!)

Match the structure of sperm with

its description below:
Acrosome

Contains mitochondria to provide

energy of movement

Head

Contains digestive enzymes to

break through outer layer of oocyte

Midpiece

Contains flagellum to provide

motility

Tail

Contains DNA that will help

determine genetic makeup of fetus

Name the missing

male ducts:
What is the function of
the following ducts:
Store sperm and help them
become motile.

Ejaculatory
duct
Prostatic
urethra
Membranous
urethra
Ductus
deferens

Epididymis:

Epididymis

Contain muscularis tissue to

Ductus Deferens:
push sperm up to ejaculatory
duct.
Carry urine and sperm outside
Uerthra: the penis.

Spongy
urethra

The chart below contains the 3 accessory glands of the

male reproductive system. Name what they secrete and
how each secretion aids sperm:
Accessory Gland

Secretion(s)

Seminal Vesicles

1. Fructose
1.
Nourishes sperm
2. Prostaglandins 2.
Widens cervix
3. Bicarbonate 3.
Neutralizes vaginal acid
1. Citric Acid
1.Provides nutrients for sperm
2. Seminalplasmin2. Antibiotics to combat male UTIs
3. Prostate Specific
3.
Liquifies semen after ejaculation
Antigen

Prostate Gland

Bulbourethral
Glands

1.

Mucus

Purpose of Secretion

1.

Coats urethra/lubricant
for sexual intercourse

Be able to identify the accessory glands on the image to

the right:

True/False: Semen and Sperm and

synonymous terms.
1. True
2. False

False: Semen ins seminal fluid from the

accessory glands combined with sperm that
comes from the epididymis.

Bonus Question: Approximately how many sperm are found in each

ejaculation?
Answer: 200 to 500 million sperm (1 teaspoon of semen)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate.
What percentage of men over 80 years old
suffer from this prostate disorder?
1. <20%
2. 20-40%
3. 40-60%
4. >80%
Answer: >80%

Bonus: What are the common symptoms of Prostate disorder?

Answer: Nocturia (night urination), polyuria (more-frequent urination), and dysuria (painful
urination).

How are men tested for prostate cancer after

the age of 40 (increased risk with age)?
1. Digital Rectal Exam or PSA Test
2. Colonoscopy or Endoscopy
3. Digital Rectal or Kidney Exam
4. PSA and LAL Assay Blood Test
Answer: number 1.

Name the structures of the penis:

Body (shaft)
of penis

Dorsal veins

Corpus
cavernosum

Venous spaces
Central artery

Root of
penis

Corpus
spongiosum
Spongy urethra

Glans

Erection is under (sympathetic/parasympathetic) control as

where ejaculation is under (sympathetic/parasympathetic)
control.

Be able to explain how erections occur:

Blood fills the erectile tissue because deep arteries
2. dilate.
Blood is trapped in erectile tissue because veins are
1.

Label whether the following animations are

of a circumcised or uncircumcised penis:
1.

Circumcised
Penis

2.

Uncircumcised
Penis

What is the name of foreskin called that covers the glans of an

Prepuce

Name the types of

contraception/birth control based on
the descriptions below:

This form of contraception is performed by the cutting and tying of vas

deferens in the male sexual partner.
Answer: Vasectomy
This form of contraception is performed by knowing when a woman
ovulates and avoiding intercourse during the time she is most fertile.

Answer: Rhythm Method

This form of contraception places a device in the womans vagina for 3

weeks out of the month and releases hormones to avoid pregnancy.
Answer: Vaginal Ring

This form of contraception triggers an abortion.

Answer: Mifepristone Abortion Pill

This form is the most sure (100%) way to avoid pregnancy.

Answer: Abstinence

Forms of Contraception Continued

This form of contraception is not always effective, and is used by women
who are currently breastfeeding a newborn babe.
Answer: Lactation
This form of contraception is the cutting and tying of uterine tubes in the
female sexual partner.
Answer: Tubal Ligation
Condoms, diaphragms, and spermicidal gels are all forms of this type of
Answer: Barrier Method
contraceptive method.
This form of contraction includes implanting a T-shaped device that may
Answer: IUD (Intrauterine
prevent fertilization an or implantation.
device)

Know other forms of contraception

not mentioned:
Answer: Oral Contraceptive
(Birth Control Pills),
Estrogen/Progesterone Patches, implants, or injections, Morning