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SDH Principle
SDH
SDH
Overview
Overview
Overheads
Overheads
and
and
Pointers
Pointers
Frame
Frame
structure
structure
and
and
multiplexmultiplexing
ing
methods
methods
Logical
Logical
parts
partsofof
SDH
SDH
equipment
equipment
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Background
Background Disadvantages
Advantages DisadvanDisadvantages Advantages
DisadvanofofSDH
ofofSDH
ofofPDH
SDH
SDH tages
PDH
tagesofofSDH
SDH
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Difficult to inter-connect
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2 Multiplexing methods:
Asynchronous Multiplexing for PDH:
The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is not
regular nor predictable. So it is impossible to directly
add/drop low-rate signals from high-rate signals.
Where
did I put
the signals?
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140Mb/s
140Mb/s
34Mb/s
34Mb/s
8Mb/s
8Mb/s
multiplexer
de-multiplexer
de-multiplexer
multiplexer
de-multiplexer
multiplexer
2Mb/s
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3 OAM
OAM function affects the maintenance cost.It is determined
by the number of overhead bytes(redundant bytes);
There are VERY few redundant byes available in PDH
signals which can be used as OAM purpose, so OAM in PDH
is very poor, it is unreliable either.
4 No universal network management interface
It is hard to set up an integrated network
management. No way to form a universal TMN.
PDH is inappropriate to transmit huge-volume signals, so
SDH came to play the part.
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SDH Signals
Bit rate(Mb/s)
STM-1
155.520 or 155M
STM-4
622.080 or 622M
STM-16
2488.320 or 2.5G
STM-64
9953.280 or 10G
STM-1
155Mb/s
STM-4
622Mb/s
STM-64
10Gb/s
WDM
10Gb/s
STM-16
2.5Gb/s
SDH:4STM-1=STM-4 4STM-4=STM-16
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2 Multiplexing methods:
low-rate SDHhigh-rate SDH(e.g.:4 STM-1STM-4).
Uses byte interleaved multiplexing method.
STM-1
STM-1
Byte
interleaved
multiplexing
STM-4
STM-1
STM-1
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A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 C3
Byte interleaved
multiplexing
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
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Other signalsSDH:
Using pointers to align the low-rate signals in SDH frame
,so the receivers can directly drop low-rate signals.E.g.:
P
P
Packing
D
k
H
g
STM-1
Alignment
PK
Ga
PK
Gb
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3 OAM
More bytes in SDH frame structure are used for
OAM purpose, about 5% of total bytes. SDH boasts
of high capability of OAM.
4 Compatibility
SDH is compatible with the existing PDH system.
SDH allows new types of equipment to be used,
allows broadband access, such as ATM.
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SDH
network
STM-N
transmit
STM-N
transmit
Package
transmit
unpacking
PDH, ATM
FDDI signals
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34M
140M
3 34M=48 2M
STM-1
(155M)
1 140M=64 2M
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Procedure
Procedure
Components
Components
and
andfunctions
functions
140M
34M
STM-N
2M
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I must
understand the functions
of different parts
of SDH frame
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2.1
Transmission 1
direction
SOH
3
4 AU-PTR
5
SOH
9
9N
STM-N payload
Transmit
left to right
up to down
(including POH)
261N
270N
columns
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STM-N
POH
Low-rate signals 1
Pkg
loading
packing
Pkg
Payload
packing
Low-rate signals n
Pkg
Pkg
loading
Pkg
Pkg
POH
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2) Section Overhead:
Accomplishes monitoring of STM-N signal streams. To check
whether the goods in STM-N carriage is damaged or not.
Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH): monitor the overall
STM-N signals.
Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH): monitor each STM-1
in STM-N signal.
RSOH, MSOH and POH set up SDH layered
monitoring mechanism.
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Sections and
Paths
Low-rate signal 1
Low-rate signal 2
Low-rate signal n
SDH
Section signal
(SOH)
low-rate path
signal(POH)
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Receiving:
Sending:
AU-PTR indicates the first
info package
(SDH transmission
network)
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2M
34M
TU-PTR
Primary alignment
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AU-4
SDH signal
C-4
VC-4
3
TU-3
TUG-3
VC-3
C-3
Pointer
processing
Align
adjustment
Multiplexing
139264kbit/s
34368kbit/s
TUG-2
3
TU-12
Mapping
VC-12
C-12
2048kbit/s
PDH signals
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140M 9
1
1
POH
C4
125us
260
P
O
H
1
VC4
125us
To be continued
261
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STM-1
RSOH
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
9
10
125us
SOH
payload
1
MSOH
9
270
125us
270
270xN
STM-N
9
125us
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POH
Rate adaptation
34M
9
1
125us
84
P
O
H
9 1
To be continued
125us
85
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(continue) 1
H1
H2
TU- H3
PTR
125us
TUG-3 86
86
1
1
1 H1
H2
H3
Fill
Gap
R
261
P
O RR
H
3
BIM
125us
VC4
125us
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2M multiplexing procedures
POH
1
C12
Rate
Adaptation
VC12
POH
Primary
Alignment
TU12
To be continued
2M
9
1
125us
125us
9
1
PTR
125us
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TUG2
Byte Interleaved
Multiplexing
(continue)
125us
Byte
Interleaved
Multiplexing
86
R R TUG3
9
125us
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Concept of multiframe:
4 C12 basic frames make up
1 multi-frame.
Both basic frames and
multi-frame carry the same SDH
2M signal.
One basic frame can hold
the info segment of 2M
C12
signal during 125us period.
One multi-frame holds the C12
info for 2M signal during C12
500us period.
C12
1#
STM-1
2#
STM-1
3#
STM-1
4#
STM-1
Multiplexer
1#
63 2M
2#
3#
4#
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C12
VC12
TU12
E3
C3
VC3
TU3
E4
C4
VC4
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Summary
Main contents for this chapter:
STM-N frame structure and functions of
different parts of the frame
Methods for multiplexing PDH into STM-N frames
140M multiplexed into STM-N frames
34M multiplexed into STM-N frames
2M multiplexed into STM-N frames
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Overhead
Overhead
Path
Section
Path
Section
Overhead
Overhead
Overhead Overhead
Pointers
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
TU-PTR
TU-PTR
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Overhead
SOH
RSOH
MSOH
POH
VC4
POH
(HPOH)
VC12
POH
(LPOH)
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Layered monitoring
VC12
LO-POH
VC4
HO-POH
STM-1
MSOH
STM-N
RSOH
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8
A1* A1* A1* A2* A2* A2 * J0 * *
B1
D1
E1
D2
B2 B2
D4
D7
D10
S1
B2
K1
D5
D8
D11
F1
D3
9
*
RSOH
AU-PTR
M1
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
MSOH
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Frame
Head?
Found
A1,A2?
N
Give OOF
Over 3ms
Generate LOF
Next
process
Insert AIS
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NM
UTP
DCC channel
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A1
A2
A3
A4
00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111
01011010
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B1 working mechanism:
Insert B1
SDH
Equipment
Sending
Detect B1
SDH
Equipment
Receiving
STM-N
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Detect B2
SDH
Equipment
Receiving
STM-N
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SDH
Equipment
Sender
STM-N
SDH
Equipment
Receiver
Send M1
byte
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K2 Detection
Found
110
K2(b6-b8)
111
Giving
MS-AIS
Sending back
MS-RDI
Producing
MS-RDI
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Receive K2(110)
produce: MS-RDI
alarm event
SDH
Equipment
Sender
Find K2(111)
produce: MS-AIS
alarm event
SDH
Equipment
Receiver
STM-N
Sending back K2
(110)
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8)
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Classification:
2 Path Overhead
Lower-order POH--VC12
Higher-order POH---VC4
Difference:
VC-4 macro, VC-12 micro
VC4
VC-4 includes VC-12
POH
(HPOH)
VC12
POH
(LPOH)
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1) Higher-order POH
(VC-4 POH)
1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
261
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SBS
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Detect J1
J1 Detection flow
N
Give
HP-TIM
Match?
Continue
Insert AIS
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Detect B3
STM-N
(VC4)
SDH
Equipment
Receiving
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Detect C2
C2 detection flow
Continue
Match?
00H?
Y
HP-UNEQ
HP-SLM
Insert AIS
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N
N
Continue
HP-BBE?
Y
Send
back
HP-REI
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-SLM?
Y
Send
back
HPRDI
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4
J2
1#VC12
1
9
V1
N2
1#VC12
2
V2
K4
1#VC12
3
1#VC12
4
V3
V4
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DetectV5
Detect
signal
label
N
Y
000?
000?
Match?
Detect
error
blocks
LP-UNEQ
LP-BBE
Continue
errors?
Continue
LP-SLM
Send back
LP-RDI
Send
back
LP-REI
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Pointers
AU-PTR
TU-PTR
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VC4
Loading
continuously
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MSOH
RSOH
520
J1 522
0
MSOH
521
523
782
1
520
521
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MSOH
520
RSOH
522
J1 521
523
782
0
MSOH
1
520
521
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MSOH
520
RSOH
522
J1 523
782
0
MSOH
521
1
520
521
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AU-PTR:
In normal situation, pointers are only occasionally adjusted.
When the network becomes asynchronous, there will be
a large number of pointer adjustment events.
Pointer adjustment rule:
Adjustment interval is 3 frames
NDF means AU-PTRs value is being changed
If receiver detects NDF in 8 frames continuously,
equipment will give out AU-LOP alarm, and insert
all 1.
NDF means New Data Flag
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Summary:
SDH monitoring---Overhead
SOH---RSOH, MSOH
POH---HPOH, LPOH
Pointers
Administrative Unit Pointer---AU-PTR
Tributary Unit Pointer---TU-PTR
Main points are alarm-detecting mechanism
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Common NE
in SDH network
Auxiliary
function blocks
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I want to master
the common NEs
and the functions
of logical blocks
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TM
ADM
REG
DXC
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1 Terminal Multiplexer--TM
multiplexing, cross-connection
w
TM
2M
TM
34M
STM-N
(Optical Interface)
140M
STM-M
(Tributary Interface)
ADM
Note: (M<N)
TM
2 Add/drop Multiplexer--ADM
multiplexing, cross-connection
STM-N
ADM
(Optical interface)
(Optical interface)
2M
34M
140M
STM-M
(Tributary Interface)
TM
STM-N
ADM
Note: (M<N)
TM
3 Regenerator--REG
regeneration, amplification and relaying
STM-N
REG
(Optical interface)
TM
ADM
STM-N
(Optical interface)
REG
ADM
TM
(Optical interface)
(Optical interface)
DXC
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Value
Rate
64K
2M
6M
1. 544M
34M 140M
45M 155M
622M 2. 5G
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2 Logical function
blocks of SDH Equipment
Understand the
functions of each
function block
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TTF
A
G.703 M
SPI
RST
MST
MSP
MSA
HOI
L
PPI
LPA
HPT
140Mb/s
LOI
2Mb/s
G.703 K
PPI
LPA
HPC
HOA
I
LPT
LPC
HPA
HPT
34Mb/s
Q interface
OHA
SEMF
OHA interface
MCF
N F interface
P
D4~D12
D1~D3
SETS
SETPI
External
synchronous
signal interface
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SPI
Receiving
AB
O/E
Extract Timing
R-LOS
when fails
Sending
B A
E/O
Writing timing
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RST
Receiving
BC
Framing
A1,A2 correct?
When R-LOS
insert all 1
N
R-OOF or
R-LOF, insert
all 1
Y
De-scramble
Process RSOH
Verify B1 ->
RS-BBE
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Sending
DC
Write MSOH
M1 send
MS-REI
K2 send
MS-RDI
Detects
K2(b6-b8)
111->
110 ->
MS-RDI MS-AIS
insert 1
Receiving
CD
Verify B2
error bits
generate
MS-BBE
Excessive
error bits,
generate
B2-OVER
insert all
1
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Sending
FE
Write AU-PTR,
N AU4 BIM
MSA
Receiving
EF
Read AU-PTR
If all 1,
generate AU-AIS
insert all 1
Invalid pointers,
generate AU-LOP,
insert all 1
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STM-N
TTF
NVC4
O/E, RSOH
MSOH, AU-PTR
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B3 error bits
generate
HP-BBE
J1 mismatch
generate
HP-TIM
C2 mismatch
generate
HP-SLM
C2=00
generate
HP-UNEQ
H4 invalid
generate
HP-LOM
Insert all 1
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HPT
Sending
GF
Write HPOH
Error bits
send back HP-REI
using G1(b1-b4)
HP-TIM,
HP-SLM,
HP-UNEQ
send back
HP-RDI
using G1(b5)
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PPI
Receiving
JK
Code pattern
conversion
Sending
KJ
Code pattern
conversion,
extract timing
No input signals
generate EXTLOS
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1VC4
HOI
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B3 error bits
generate
HP-BBE
J1 mismatch
generate
HP-TIM
C2 mismatch
generate
HP-SLM
C2=00
generate
HP-UNEQ
H4 invalid
generate
HP-LOM
Insert all 1
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HPT
Sending
GF
Write HPOH
Error bits
send back HP-REI
using G1(b1-b4)
HP-TIM,
HP-SLM,
HP-UNEQ
send back
HP-RDI
using G1(b5)
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HPA
De-multiplex
Receiving
GH
Process TU
V1~V3 =1
generate TU-AIS
insert all 1
invalid pointers
generate TU-LOP
insert all 1
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1VC4
HOI
VC12 or
VC3
Process TU-PTR,
HPOH
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LPT
Receiving
HI
Sending
I H
W rite LPOH
LP-BBELP-REI
LP-TIM, UNEQ
LP-RDI
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PPI
Receiving
JK
Code pattern
conversion
Sending
KJ
Code pattern
conversion
extract timing
Input AIS
generate
E1-AIS
No input signals
generate T-ALOS
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Line
Line
Tributary
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OAM info
SEMF+MCF
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2.
1
2
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True or false:
1 SDH system can incorporate three serials of PDH syst
sys
and other digital signals such as ATM into VC-4. ( )
2 The frame frequency of STM-N, VC-12, VC-3 and VC-4
are the same, it is 8000F/s. ( )
3 Each byte within STM-N signals has an equivalent
transmission speed of 64Kb/s. ( )
4 We can directly drop 2.048Mb/s signals from SDH
signals. ( )
5 One STM-1 can hold 64 2.048Mb/s signals. ( )
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