Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Perception
Day 08
13 Feb 03
Haptics, Posture, & Movement
Neuromuscular Apparatus
detection thresholds, Golgi tendon and
muscle spindle organ, & an illusion
Haptics
Vestibular Apparatus
responses to: linear acceleration
angular acceleration
Balance
gravitoinertial force
endolymphs & density 2
heat, alcohol, and H2O
Contributions of & to Vision
gazestability
motion sickness
fissure of Rolando
front
back
Neuromuscular apparatus
knowing where you’re muscles are
> Kinesthesis
1. Golgi tendon organs
on tendons of extrafusal muscles
long muscles within muscle bundle
isotonic exercise >change in muscle length
2. muscle spindle organs
in intrafusal muscles
short muscles within muscle bundle
isometric exercise >change in resistance
a kinesthetic illusion
sensory organs about the state of muscles (feedback),
not the nerves signaling the muscles to twitch; afferent
(conducting inward), not efferent (conducting outward)
muscle Golgi
spindle tendon
organ organ
s.n.a. = spontaneous neural activity
Activity in: Intrafusal Extrafusal
muscle Golgi
spindle tendon
organ organ
coding of a continuous dimension, often with two
populations of receptors
illusions
illusory felt positions
Arm position
with vibrated
tendon
vibration stimulates
both muscle tendon
and spindle organs
--> lengthened muscle
perceived
arm position
Haptics = active touch (Day 07) + kinesthesis
touch sensations from hand
(object schema)
and
muscle sensations from hand & arm
(body schema)
investigation of muscle sensations alone
perception of
shape by wielding
cross modality
matching
chance = 20%
Performance =
37%
= 60 trials
Information?:
Different inertial properties
in different directions
Vestibular apparatus
6 degrees of freedom in movement
(the Galilean group)
linear acceleration
sidetoside: utricle macula,
frontback: saccule otoliths
updown: both
angular acceleration
rotations: semicircular canals
ampulla, crista, cupola
vestibuloocular reflex (VOR)
doll reflex
visual direction, vestibulomuscular adaptation, &
baseball players
6 degrees
of freedom
3 semicircular
canals
0th derivative spatial position
1st derivative velocity
change in position
2nd derivativeacceleration
change in velocity
change in the change of position
3rd derivative jerk
change in acceleration
change in the change of velocity
change in the change in the change
of position
inside utricle
and saccule
consider one
semicircular canal
in horizontal plane
dizziness after spins
Balance
against forces
of acceleration
Balance
even when not
necessary
endolymph ~water, slightly salty
What is the cause of instability when blood alcohol is elevated?
1. part of the global effect of alcohol
2. direct effect of the specific gravity of alcohol (lighter than water)
heavy water deuterium oxide 2
H2O
Gazestability systems
VestibuloOcular Response (VOR) y axis rotation (yaw)
Doll Reflex x axis rotation (pitch)
ocular reflexes and adaptation
visual direction,
vestibulomuscular adaptation,
& baseball players
the role of vision in balance and vection
perception of selfmotion
Gunnar Johansson
David Lee
sustained (slowly adapting) cells cortex
transient (rapidly adapting) cells cortex & central core
Motion Sickness: Cause(s)?
NASA
no gravity, only inertial forces
1. dissociation of vision and normal vestibular
activity
back of buses, children in cars
2. lack of control over visual/vestibular
experience environmental anchoring
sea sickness and the horizon
Haptics, Posture, & Movement
Neuromuscular Apparatus
detection thresholds, Golgi tendon and
muscle spindle organ, & an illusion
Haptics
Vestibular Apparatus
responses to: linear acceleration
angular acceleration
Balance
gravitoinertial force
endolymphs & density 2
heat, alcohol, and H2O
Contributions of & to Vision
gazestability
motion sickness