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The
simplest series of
carboxylic acids are the
alkanoic acids,
R-COOH,
where
R is a hydrogen or an
alkyl group.
NOMENCLATURE AND
STRUCTURE
Common name
Formic acid, found in insect stings
(formic from the Latin word meaning ant);
Acetic acid the principal component
of vinegar (Latin: Acetum, vinegar)
Butyric acid found in rancid (Latin:
butyrum, butter);
Caproic, caprylic, and capric acids found
in goat fat(Latin: caper, goat);
Palmitic acid (palm oil); stearic acids
(Greek: stear, tallow).
NOMENCLATURE AND
STRUCTURE
Example
name
HCOOH
formic acid
methanoic acid
CH3COOH
acetic acid
ethanoic acid
decanoic acid
palmitic acid
hexadecanoic
acid
Example
Common name
IUPAC name
CH3CH2CH CHCOOOH
| |
,-dimethylvalveric
dimethylpentanoic
CH3
CH3
acid
CH3CHCOOH
acid
-hydroxyproponoic acid
hydroxypropanoic acid
|
OH
2,3-
or lactic acid
2-
(CH3COO)2Ca
or
calcium acetate
calcium
ethanoate
Nomenclature of
dicarboxylic acids
Example
Common name
IUPAC
name
HOOCCOOH
Oxalic acid
ethanedioic
acid
HOOCCH2-COOH
Malonic acid
propanedioic
acid
HOOCCH2CH2-COOH
Succinic acid
HOOCCH2CH2CH2-COOH
Glutaric acid
butanedioic acid
pentanedioic acid
Adipic acid
SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
Oxidation of primary alcohols
1.
CH3CH2CH2OH + (O)
CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2CHCH2OH + (O)
CH3CH2CHCOOH
|
R-MgX + C=O
MgX2
O
ether
R-C-OMgX
H+ R-C-OH
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1.
Salt formation
CH3COOH + Zn
(CH3COO)2Zn + H2
CH3(CH2)10COOH + NaOH
+ H2O
CH3(CH2)10COONa
LiAlH4
CH3-C-
CH3CHOOH + Cl2
CH3CCLCOOH
|
CH3
red P
|
CH3
R-C-O-C-R
R-C-Cl
R-C-O-R
R-C-NH2
An acid anhydride
an acyl chloride
an ester
an amide
Acid anhyrides
1.
O
O
RCOH + HOCR
RC O CR + H2O
CH3COH
CH 3C O CCH3
Acetic acid
acetic anhydride
3. Esters
A carboxylic acid is converted into an ester when
heated with an alcohol in presence of a little
mineral acid, usually concentrated H 2SO4 or dry
HCl.
Ester are nearly always called by their common
names. The name of the alkyl group in alcohl,
and then the common name of the acid with
ending ic acid changed to ate.
4. Amides
Are
CH3CO NH2
CO NH2
Acetamide
benzamide
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Submitted by: Sherlene A. Gesim
Submitted to: Mrs. Elizabeth Vivar