Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Eruption of Mt. Etna in Sicily sends a plume of ash visible from space.
Volcanic Products
When magma reaches the Earths surface,
we call it lava.
Aside from lava, volcanoes may eject a variety of
common products:
-- volcanic gases
-- pyroclastic debris
Volcanic Gases
Much more gas can be
dissolved in a liquid at high
pressure than at low
pressure.
Liquids that are rich in
gaseous components will
tend to degas (lose their gas
component) as they
decompress.
Here on Earth,
decompression occurs as
magma travels from deep
sources to shallow regions
(like the surface).
Gas-Related Textures
Gas leaving decompressing
magma may not be
successfully escape.
Gas trapped in rapidlycooling lava forms vesicles,
or void spaces in the rock.
vesicular basalt
Extreme examples of
vesicular rocks are pumice
and scoria: these frothy
rocks are lightweight, since
most of their volume is air,
not rock.
pumice
Pyroclastics
All of the solids ejected from a volcano is collectively called
pyroclasts or pyroclastic debris.
The smallest
pyroclastic material
is ash. Realize that
volcanic ash is
silicate (glass),
unlike ash from
burning wood.
Pebble-size bits of
quenched lava and
ash are called
lapilli.
Pyroclastics
Larger chunks of lava, from grape size up to practically car size,
are called bombs.
Note that on impact these do not explode in flaming carnage, as
seen in certain extremely-unrealistic Hollywood productions.
Volcanic/Sedimentary Rocks
Pyroclastic materials can form their own rocks, with hybrid
volcanic and sedimentary components.
A tuff is a rock formed from pyroclastic debris.
Welded tuffs are hard rocks, which form when pyroclastic
material is still very hot when it accumulates on the surface.
Molten components cause pyroclasts to weld together.
Poorly-welded tuffs form from airfall material far from the
volcanic source. They carry little thermal energy, since they
cool during long travel in the atmosphere.
Volcano Types
The type of volcano that forms depends on:
viscosity of lava, proportion of lava/ash, lava flux.
increasing viscosity
increasing violence
-- flood basalt
-- shield volcano
-- cinder cone
-- composite volcano (stratovolcano)
-- lava dome
Cinder Cones
Composite
Volcanoes
Fujiyama, Japan
Mayon, Philippines
Wilson Butte, CA
Domes
Panum Crater, CA
Novarupta, Alaska
Phreatic Eruptions
A phreatic eruption is one that is
triggered or aided by groundwater or
surface water.
When this water infiltrates the hot
volcanic system, it converts to steam,
thus expanding, leading to explosive
circumstances.
Plinian Eruptions
In 79 AD Pliny the Younger
carefully noted the destructive
eruption of Vesuvius in Italy
(which, among other things,
destroyed Pompeii and
Herculaneum,
and killed Pliny the Elder).
Violent, ash-rich eruptions have
since become known as plinian
eruptions.
Comparison of Scales
Volcanic Landscapes
Diatremes
Features such as
Ship Rock (NM)
and
Devils Tower (WY)
are diatremes:
the eroded remains
of extinct volcanoes.
Extinct Volcanoes
In spite of their volcano-esque shapes, they actually are part
of the volcanic conduit that was underground when the
volcano was active.
Ash Layers
Distant deposition
of volcanic material
is important to
dating sedimentary
rocks, as we will
see next class.
ash layers
The Next
Big One?
caldera
north
The Next
Big One?
Choice three is
Yellowstone, WY.
This caldera has blasted
out gigantic pyroclastic
eruptions in the last
couple million years.
(honorable mention:
Valles caldera, NM)
DAMPAK GUNUNGAPI
PERUBAHAN IKLIM
Luka bakar
ISPA
MITIGASI BENCANA
LETUSAN GUNUNGAPI
Melakukan Sosialisasi kepada masyarakat
Membuat Peta Kawasan Rawan Bencana (KRB)
Letusan Gunungapi
Pemantauan gunungapi guna menunjang sistem
peringatan dini letusan gunungapi
Tanggap darurat
REKOMENDASI TEKNIS
Gunungapi yang pernah meletus akan terjadi kembali letusan
gunungapi apabila energi pelepasan sudah tercapai, sehingga;
Tidak membangun permukiman, bangunan vital dan
strategi, serta bangunan lainnya yang mengundang
konsentrasi banyak manusia di KRB III.
Hati-hati bermukim di KRB II .
Tidak membangun pemukiman dan aktivitas penduduk di
bantaran sungai yang berpotensi terjadi aliran lahar.
(John, 1995)
SOSIALISASI
Talk Show Coffee
Break
di TVRI Yogyakarta
Langsung pada
masyarakat
Planetary Volcanism
As we have seen, volcanic activity, or volcanism, is an
important factor in shaping other worlds in our solar system.
Olympus Mons, Mars
increasing
viscosity
increasing
melting
temperature
Pyroclastics
Lava Flows
Lava Flows
Basalt lava that has lost much of its gas will be more viscous.
This lava will form rough, blocky flows called aa.
Columbia River
Ontong-Java plateau
Deccan Traps
Columbia River
Flood Basalts
This is the largest
large igneous province in
North America.
Shield Volcano
Airfall
Distribution
6850 yr ago,
Mt. Mazama, OR,
erupted, sending
a recognizable
layer of ash
throughout the
northwest.
We now know
this volcano as
Crater Lake.
Big Pyroclastic
Eruptions of
North America
This illustration
shows the Bishop
Tuff, which was
deposited
760,000 yr ago,
the most
widespread ash
layer of the last
hundred million
years in North
America.
Credits
Some images in this presentation come from:
Plummer, McGeary and Carlson, Physical Geology, 8th
ed.; NMNH, Global Volcanism Project; Geological
Society of America (Geology); USGS; Hamblin and
Christiansen, Earths Dynamic Systems, 8/e; D Swanson,
USGS; EOS; Univ. of North Dakotas Volcano World