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Drilling Engineering

Drilling Engineering - PE 311


Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli
Newtonian Fluids

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Frictional Pressure Drop in Pipes and Annuli


Under flowing conditions
In the annulus: Pwf = Pf(a) + gTVD

(1)

In the drillpipe: Pp Pwf = Pf(dp) + Pb gTVD


Pwf = Pp - Pf(dp) Pb + gTVD
From (1) and (2) give
Pp = Pf(dp) + Pf(a) + Pb

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(2)

Drilling Engineering

Frictional Pressure Drop in Pipes and Annuli


When attempting to quantify the pressure losses in side the drillstring and in the annulus it is
worth considering the following matrix:

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Drilling Engineering

Momentum Equation
Assumptions:
1. The drillstring is placed concentrically in the casing or open hole
2. The drillstring is not being rotated
3. Sections of open hole are circular in shape and of known diameter
4. Incompressible drilling fluid
5. Isothermal flow
Momentum equation:

dV

F P g
dt

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Drilling Engineering

Force Analysis

d ( r )
dp
r
dr
dL
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Drilling Engineering

Force Analysis

p1 (2rr ) p 2 (2rr ) (r r ) r r [2L] r r (2L)


d ( r )
dp
r
dr
dL

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Drilling Engineering

Force Analysis
d ( r )
dp
r
dr
dL

d ( r ) r

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dp
dr
dL

r dp C1

2 dL r

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids


r dp f C1

2 dL
r
B.C. r = 0 --> = 0: then C1 = 0

r dp
2 dL

For Newtonian fluids dudr

B.C. r = R --> u = 0: then

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Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids

Q udA u 2rdr
R

Q
0

1 dP 2

r R 2 2rdr
4 dL

2 dP
Q
r 2 R 2 rdr

4 dL 0
R

2 dP R 4 R 4

4 dL 4
2

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dP 4
R
8 dL

dP 4
R uR 2
8 dL

1 dP 2
R
8 dL

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids

Maximum velocity:

Average fluid velocity in pipe u = umax / 2

From this equation, the pressure drop can be expressed as:

In field unit:

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dP
u

dL 1,500d 2

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids

From equation:

r dp
2 dL

Combining with the definition of Fanning friction factor:

w
1 2
u
2

Pressure drop can be calculated by using Fanning friction factor:

Field unit:
This equation can be used to calculate pressure under laminar or turbulent conditions

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids


From this equation, the pressure drop can be expressed as:

Combining this equation and equation

gives

where

This equation is used to calculate the Fanning friction factor when the flow is laminar. If Re <
2,100 then the flow is under laminar conditions

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids

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Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids


Combining these two equations r dp

and

2 dL

The relationship between shear stress and shear rate can be express as

Where

is called the nominal Newtonian shear rate. For Newtonian fluid, we can used

this equation to calculate the shear rate of fluid as a function of velocity.

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids


Determine whether a fluid with a viscosity of 20 cp and a density of 10 ppg flowing
in a 5" 19.5 lb/ft (I.D. = 4.276") drillpipe at 400 gpm is in laminar or turbulent flow.
What is the maximum flowrate to ensure that the fluid is in laminar flow ?
Calculate the frictional pressure loss in the drillpipe in two cases:
Q = 400 GPM
Q = 40 GPM

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Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids


Velocity:

Reynolds number:
NRe = 17725 : The fluid is under turbulent flow.

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Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids

With turbulent flow and assuming smooth pipe, the Fanning friction factor:

0.0791
0.0791

0.00685
0.25
0.25
Re
17725

dP
fu 2
0.00685 10 8.937 2

0.0496 psig / ft
dL 25.8d
25.8 4.276
Wrong calculation !!!!!!! Laminar flow !!!!!!!

dP
u
20 8.9
5

8
.
2

10
psi / ft
2
2
dL 1,500d
1,500 4.276

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids


If Q = 40 GPM, the fluid velocity is: u = 0.89 ft/s

The Reynolds number: Re = 1,772 Laminar flow

Frictional pressure loss:

dP
u
20 0.89

0.00065 psi / ft
2
2
dL 1,500d
1,500 4.276

f = 16 / Re = 0.009

dP
fu 2
0.009 10 0.89 2

0.00065 psig / ft
dL 25.8d
25.8 4.276

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Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


From the general equation for fluid flow:
For Newtonian fluids:

dv r dp C1

dr 2 dL r

dv r dp C1

dr 2 dL r
r dp C1
dv (
) dr
2 dL r
r dp C1

dv

2 dL r )dr

r 2 dp f C1
v
ln r C 2
4 dL

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r dp C1

2 dL r

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


r 2 dp f C1
v
ln r C 2
4 dL

We need two boundary conditions to find C 1 and C2


B.C. 1: r = r1 --> u = 0
r2

B.C. 2: r = r2 --> u = 0

r1

r2
ln
dp
1
f
2
2
2
2
r
u
r

r
2
2
1
r2
4 dL
ln

r1

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Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Flow rate can be calculated as:

ln r2

1 dp f 2 2
2
2
r 2rdr
r

r
2
2
1

r
4 dL
2
ln

r1

2
2 2
r r
r24 r14 2 1
r
ln 2
r1

Q v(2r )dr

dp f
Q
8 dL

Q v(2r )dr

Average velocity can be expressed as

Q r22 r12 u
SI Unit
Pressure drop:

dp f
dL

8 u

2
2
r2 r1

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r r
ln r2
r1
2
2

2
1

Field
Unit

d d

1,500 d 22 d12
d2
ln

d1

2
2

2
1

Drilling Engineering

Summary - Newtonian Fluids


Field unit:

Note: equivalent diameter for an annular section: d e= 0.816 (d2 d1)

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Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Example: A 9-lbm/gal Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 15 cp is being circulated in a 10,000-ft
well containing a 7-in. ID casing and a 5-in OD drillsring at a rate of 80 gal/min. compute the
static and circulating bottomhole pressure by assuming that a laminar flow pattern exists.
Solution:
Static pressure: P = 0.052 D = 0.052 x 9 x 10,000 = 4,680 psig

Average velocity:

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Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Frictional pressure loss gradient

dp f
dL

1,500

d 22 d12
2
2
d 2 d1

d
2
ln
d1

Or:

Circulating bottom hole pressure:


P = 4,680 + 0.0051 x 10,000 = 4,731 Psig

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

15(1.362)

7 5
1,500 7 5

ln 7
5

0.0051 psig / ft

A
r
eaofH
qW
uidgvhalentfsoW
h(r221)12

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation

Since the exact solution is so complicated, a narrow


rectangular slot approximation is used to arrive at
solutions still very useful for practical drilling
engineering applications. We represent the annulus
as a slot which has the same area and the same
height with the annulus. This approximation is good if
D1 / D2 > 0.3
An annular geometry can be represented by a
rectangular slot with the height h and width w as
given below

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Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation

P1

y + y
y

P1Wy - P2Wy + yWL - y+yW L = 0

dp

y C1
dL

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P2

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation
For Newtonian fluids:

dv
dp

y C1
dy
dL

1 dp 2 C1 y
y
C2
2 dL

Boundary conditions: y = 0 --> u = 0 and y = h --> v = 0

C2 0

h dp
C

2 dL
v

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1 dp 2 h dp
1 dp 2
y
y
y hy
2 dL
2 dL
2 dL

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation
Flow rate:

1 dp 2
Wh 3 dp
q vdA vWdy
y hy Wdy
2

dL
12 dL
0
0
0
2

Wh (r2 r1 ) and h r2 r1

dp f 2
2
q
(r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )2
12 dL

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Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation
Average velocity:

q Av r22 r12 v
v

q
q

A r22 r12

dp f 2
2
(r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )2
(r2 r1 )2 dp f
12 dL

r22 r12
12 dL

Frictional pressure losses gradient

dp f
dL

12 v
(r2 r1 )2

Field unit

dp f

dL
1000(d 2 d1 )2

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation
Determination of shear rate:
_

h dp r2 r1 12 v
w

2 dL
2 (r2 r1 ) 2

w
6v
12v
w

r2 r1 d 2 d1
Field unit:

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w
144v

d 2 d1

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation
Field Unit:

dp f
dL

dp f
dL

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8 v
R2

w
_

12 v
(r2 r1 )2

8v
D

12v
d 2 d1

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation
Example: A 9-lbm/gal Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 15 cp is being circulated in a
10,000-ft well containing a 7-in. ID casing and a 5-in OD drillsring (ID = 4.276) at a rate of 80
gal/min. Compute the frictional pressure loss and the shear rate at the wall in the drillpipe and
in the annulus by using narrow slot approximation method. Assume that the flow is laminar.
Also, calculate the pressure drop at the drill bit which has 3 nozzles: d b = 13/32

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation

Q
80

1.79 ft / s
2.448d dp2
2.448 4.276 2

Velocity of fluid in the drillpipe:

u dp

Velocity of fluid in the annulus:

u ann

Q
80

1.36 ft / s
2.448 d 22 d12 2.448 7 2 5 2

Pressure drop in the drillpipe:

dP
dL

Pressure drop in the annulus:

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

dP
dL

dp

u dp
1500d dp2

ann

15 1.79
9.79 10 4 psig / ft
2
1500 4.276

u ann
15 1.36

0.0051 psig / ft
1000 d 22 d12 1000 7 5 2

Drilling Engineering

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids


Narrow Slot Approximation

Drill bit area:

d b2

2
At 3
3 13 / 32 0.39 in 2
4
4

8.311 10 5 q 2 8.311 10 5 9 80 2

34.87 psig
Pressure drop at the bit: Pb
C d2 At2
0.95 2 0.39 2

Total pressure drop:

dP
dP

dL Total dL

dp

dP
dL

Pbit
ann

dP
9.79 10 4 0.0051 10,000 34.87 60.78 34.87 95.66 psig
dL Total
Shear rate at the wall:

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

144v
144(1.362)

98 1 / s
d 2 d1
7 5

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