THE OSI MODEL

(Open

Systems Interconnection)
GORVAM SADDAR

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

is the layered model for the network
system, Designed by ISO ( International
Organization Standardization ). OSI
enables devices in the network to
communicate with each other.

The OSI 7-layer Model

Defined in 1984 and become an international standard
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Relationship of OSI layers

Physical
Communication

1. Physical Layer
Example protocols: Ethernet, Token Ring (Physical part)
Responsible for transmitting
bits from one computer to
another
Converts bits into electronic
signals for outgoing messages.
Defines the way in which two or
more devices can be connected
physically.

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Sess.

Sess.

Tran.

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.

Data.

Data.

Phys.

Phys.

2. Data Link Layer

Example protocols: Ethernet, Token Ring
Provides for flow of data over a
single link from one device to
another.
Packets placed into frames at
this layer

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Sess.

Sess.

Tran.

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.

Provide error-free frame

Data.
transfer by acknowledgment and
Phys.
retransmission

Data.
Phys.

3. Network Layer
Example protocols: IP, IPX
Logical address to physical
address translation
For TCP/IP running on Ethernet
Logical address: IP address
158.132.148.99
Physical address: Ethernet address
00 00 E2 15 1A CA

Determine the route from

source to destination computer

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Sess.

Sess.

Tran.

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.

Data.

Data.

Phys.

Phys.

4. Transport Layer
Example protocols: TCP, SPX, NWLink
Ensure packets are delivered
error free, in sequence
Translate between packets and
message
Control flow of data and
acknowledges successful receipt
of data.
Sending

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Sess.

Sess.

Tran.

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.

Data.

Data.

Phys.

Phys.

5. Session Layer
Example application program: Winsock, UNIX Socket
Establishment, maintaining and
release of session

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Provide dialog management

Sess.

Sess.

Regulate which side transmit, Tran.

when, for how long (Sync.)
Netw.

Tran.

Provide synchronization
between user tasks

Netw.

Data.

Data.

Phys.

Phys.

6. Presentation Layer
Example application program: redirector (NT), SSL
Translate data from
Application Layer to the
format suitable for session
layer (the network)
Provide data encryption,
compression
Changing or converting
character set, graphic, and file
format

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Sess.

Sess.

Tran.

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.

Data.

Data.

Phys.

Phys.

7. Application Layer
Example protocols: FTP, Telnet, HTTP
Entry point for application to
access network
Directly support user
applications
E.g. File transfer, email
General capabilities:
Network access, flow control,
Error recovery

Appl.

Appl.

Pres.

Pres.

Sess.

Sess.

Tran.

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.

Data.

Data.

Phys.

Phys.

Example: File Transfer

The most traditional network task
Implemented by a simple Application Layer
protocol called FTP
FTP Client

FTP Server

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PictureTel

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Network