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Routing in IP networks
Interdomain routing with BGP
Agenda
Routing in IP networks
IPv6 subnets
Routing organisation
RIP
OSPF
Interdomain routing
Neighbour discovery
1
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:A
Eth : A
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:E
Eth : E
Ipv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:C
Eth : C
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:E
Eth : E
Ipv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:C
Eth : C
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:A
Eth : A
IPv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:E
Eth : E
Ipv6: 1080:0:0:0:8:C
Eth : C
ICMPv6 Neighbor
Discovery
Neighbour solicitation
Checksum
Reserved
Target IPv6 Address
Neighbour advertisement
Checksum
Reserved
Target IPv6 Address
Target link layer Address
Router
advertisements
Ver Tclass
Flow Label
Payload Length
58
255
Code : 0
CurHLim
M O Res
Checksum
Router lifetime
Reachable Time
Retrans Timer
Options
RA options
Format of the options
MTU option
Type
Prefix option
Options
Options (cont.)
Type : 5
Length:1
Reserved
MTU
Type : 3
Length
Length:4 PreLen
L A Res.
Valid Lifetime
Preferred Lifetime
Reserved2
IPv6 prefix
Autoconfiguration
What happens when an endsystem
boots ?
64
Ethernet : 0800:200C:417A
FE80::M64(800:200C:417A)
Global IPv6
address
R
Ethernet : 0800:200C:417A
FE80::M64(800:200C:417A)
Privacy issues
ICMP Redirect
2001:db8:1234:5678::BB
2001:db8:1234:5678::1
2001:db8:1234:5678::AA
R1
::/0
2001:db8:1234:5678::/64
R2
2001:db8:2345::/48
2001:db8:1234:5678::2
Agenda
IPv6
Routing in IP networks
IPv6 subnets
RIP
OSPF
RIP
default period : 30 seconds (with
Distance vector
jitter)
RIP : message
format
port 520
RIP : Route
Entries
Agenda
Routing in IP networks
IPv6 subnets
RIP
OSPF
OSPF
Standard link-state routing
Operation
OSPF
acknowledgements, sequence
numbers, age
periodic transmission/ link changes
Database description
OSPF details
2001:db8:1::A/48
2001:db8:1::B/48 2001:db8:1::C/48
2001:db8:1::D/48
2001:db8:1::B/48
2001:db8:1::C/48
2001:db8:1::A/48
2001:db8:1::D/48
OSPF details
(2)
R
2001:db8:1::A/48
2001:db8:1::B/48 2001:db8:1::C/48
2001:db8:1::D/48
2001:db8:1::B/48
2001:db8:1::A/48
LAN
2001:db8:1::D/48
2001:db8:1::C/48
OSPF in large
networks
OSPF details
(4)
R1
Stub AREA 1
RE
4
RA
RB
AREA 0
RC
R8
AREA 2
RD
9
RE
10
R5C
OSPF areas
Equal Cost
Multipath
How to use all paths without
hurting TCP performance
R3
R1
R2
R4
R7
R5
R8
R6
R9
RD
Agenda
Routing in IP networks
Interdomain routing
Peering links
BGP basics
Interdomain
routing
Goals
Interdomain links
Private link
R1
R2
DomainB
Interconnection
exchanges
How to efficiently connect several
domains together ?
R2
Physical link
Interdomain link
R3
R1
R4
An Internet
exchange point
AMS-IX
AMS-IX
Routing
policies
Import filter
Routing policies
with RPSL
AS1
$
AS3
Import policy for AS4
Import: from AS3 accept AS3
import: from AS7 accept AS7
import: from AS1 accept ANY
import: from AS2 accept ANY
Export policy for AS4
export: to AS3 announce AS4 AS7
export: to AS7 announce ANY
export: to AS1 announce AS4 AS7
export: to AS2 announce AS4 AS7
AS2
$
AS4
Shared-cost
Customer-provider
AS7
Import policy for AS7
Import: from AS4 accept ANY
Export policy for AS4
export: to AS4 announce AS7
Agenda
Routing in IP networks
Interdomain routing
Peering links
BGP basics
Border Gateway
Protocol
Path vector protocol
AS2
2001:db8:1/48AS1
l
l
prefix:2001:db8:1/48
ASPath: AS1
AS5
prefix: 2001:db8:1/48
ASPath: AS1
AS4
prefix: 2001:db8:1/48
ASPath: AS4:AS1
prefix: 2001:db8:1/48
ASPath: ::AS2:AS4:AS1
BGP : Principles
AS3
R1
BGP
session
BGP Msgs
R2
AS4
As long as the BGP session
remains up
Incrementally update BGP routing
tables
Destination address/prefix
Nexthop
WITHDRAW
Unreachable destination
BGP router
BGP Adj-RIB-In
Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
from Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
from Peer[1]
Peer[1]
BGP Loc-RIB
All
acceptable
routes
Import filter
Attribute
manipulation
Import filter(Peer[i])
Determines which BGM Msgs
are acceptable from Peer[i]
BGP Decision
Process
One best
route to each
destination
BGP Adj-RIB-Out
Peer[N]
Peer[1]
Export filter
Attribute
manipulation
BGP Msgs
to Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
to Peer[1]
Export filter(Peer[i])
Determines which
routes can be sent to Peer[i]
Example
AS10
UPDATE
l
prefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
l
NextHop:R2
l
ASPath: AS20:AS10
UPDATE
l
prefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
l
NextHop:R1
l
ASPath: AS10
AS20
R1
BGP
2001:db8:12/48
UPDATE
l
prefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
l
NextHop:R1
l
ASPath: AS10
R2
AS30
R3
BGP
BGP
UPDATE
l
prefix: 2001:db8:12/48,
l
NextHop:R4
l
ASPath: AS40:AS10
R4
AS40
AS2
Backup: 2Mbps
RB
Primary: 34Mbps
R1
AS1
BGP router
Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
from Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
from Peer[1]
Peer[1]
Import filter
Attribute
manipulation
BGP RIB
All
acceptable
routes
BGP Decision
Process
One best
route to each
destination
Import filter
l
Selection of acceptable routes
l
Addition of local-pref attribute
inside received BGP Msg
l Normal quality route : local-pref=100
l Better than normal route :local-pref=200
l Worse than normal route :local-pref=50
Peer[N]
Peer[1]
Export filter
Attribute
manipulation
BGP Msgs
to Peer[N]
BGP Msgs
to Peer[1]
How to prefer
some routes over
others
Limitations
RA
AS2
RB
R3
Expensive
AS1 R1
AS3
R5
Cheap
R2
AS4
AS5
How to prefer
routes ?
RA
AS2
Backup: 2Mbps
RB
Primary: 34Mbps
R1
AS1
RPSL-like policy for AS1
aut-num: AS1
import: from AS2 RA at R1 set localpref=100;
from AS2 RB at R1 set localpref=200;
accept ANY
export: to AS2 RA at R1 announce AS1
to AS2 RB at R1 announce AS1
How to prefer
routes ?
RA
AS2
RB
R3
AS3
Expensive
R5
AS1 R1
Cheap
R2
AS5
AS4
local-pref and
economical
In practice, local-pref is often
relationships
combined with filters to enforce
economical relationships
Prov1
Prov2
$
Peer1
AS1
Peer2
Cust1
Local-pref values used by AS1
> 1000 for the routes received from a Customer
500 999 for the routes learned from a Peer
< 500 for the routes learned from a Provider
Peer3
Peer4
Cust2
$
Shared-cost
Customer-provider
local-pref
Which route will be used by AS1 to reach AS5 ?
AS2
$
AS3
$
AS8
AS4
$
AS7
AS5
$
AS6
Shared-cost
Customer-provider
AS1
NSFNet
Internet
1990s
American
backbone
no commercial
traffic
Some regional
networks
US regions,
national networks
in Europe
Universities/research
labs
Internet early
2000s Tier-1 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs
Regional/ National
ISPs
Tier-3 ISPs
Smaller ISPs,
Entreprises,
shared-cost with
Todays Internet
Hyper Giants
google, microsoft,
yahoo, amazon, ..
Tier-1 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-3 ISPs
Many peerings at
Craig Labovitz), Scott Iekel-Johnson, Danny McPherson, Jon Oberheide, Farnam Jahanian,
Internet Inter-Domain Traffic, SIGCOMM 2010
IXPs