COMPOSITES

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COMPOSITE
. A composite material is made by
combining two or more materials .
. Often the materials have very
different properties.
. The purpose is the two materials
work together to give the composite
unique properties

Example of Composite
Concrete is a composite material that
occured with a mixture of sand and
cement

Why Use Composites?

The primary reason composite
materials are chosen for components
is because of weight saving for its
relative stiffness and strength
For example ; carbon-fibre reinforced
composite can be five times stronger
than steel. However that composites
have only one fifth of the weight of
steel.

Advantages of Composites

Complex shapes are easily accomplished

Resistant to corrosion
Strength
Low weight
Reduced cost
Resilience the ability to deform and spring
back to their original shape without major
damage.
Composite structures act as very good
insulators

HISTORY OF THE COMPOSITES

INDUSTRY
The earliest man-made composite materials
werestrawandmudcombined to
formbricksforbuildingconstruction.
Ancientbrick-makingwas documented
byEgyptian tomb paintings.

 In the years between 1870 and 1890, a

revolution was occurring in chemistry.
The first synthetic (man-made) resins
were developed which could be
converted from a liquid to a solid by
polymerization. These polymer resins are
transformed from the liquid state to the
solid state by crosslinking the molecules.
Early synthetic resins included celluloid,
melamine and Bakelite.

 Composites are no longer considered

"space-age" materials utilized only
for stealth bombers and space
shuttles. This versatile material
system has become a part of
everyday life.

WHERE ARE COMPOSITES USED?

Composite materials are generally
used forbuildings, bridges and
structures such as boat hulls,
swimming pool panels, race car
bodies,showerstalls,bathtubs,
storage tanks,
imitationgraniteandcultured
marblesinksand counter tops. The
most advanced examples perform
routinely on spacecraft and aircraft in

AIRCRAFT/MILITARY
APPLIANCE/BUSINESS
AUTOMOTIVE/TRANSPORTATION
CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION
CONSUMER
MARINE

TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Polymer matrix composites

Metal matrix composites
Ceramic matrix composites

Polymer matrix composites

These are the most common
composites in use today. Also known
as FRP - Fibre Reinforced Polymers
(or Plastics) these materials use a
polymer-based resin as the matrix,
and a variety of fibers such as glass,
carbon and Aramid (Kevlar) as the
reinforcement

Metal matrix composites

Increasingly used in the automotive
industry, these materials use a metal
such as aluminium as the matrix, and
reinforce it with particles or fibers
such as silicon carbide
Composites with aluminium and
magnesium matrices have been
investigated extensively, and
recently steel matrix composites
have gathered increased interest.

 In these composites, stainless steels,

tool steels and precipitation
hardened steels have been used as
the matrix material.
The particulate reinforcements can
be:
Oxides
Carbides
Nitrides
Borides

Ceramic matrix composites

Ceramics have a high compressive
strength but low tensile strength.
Combining with a high tensile
reinforcement gives very strong hard
materials.
Used in high temperature environments,
such as jet engines, CMCs use a ceramic
as the matrix and reinforce it with short
fibres, or whiskers such as those made
from silicon carbide and boron nitride.

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

 A fibre optic cable consists of a bundle a glass

or plastic threads that are surrounded by a
glass cladding.

( a bundle of optical fibers )

It is a composite material that is able to
transmit data, voice and images in a digital
format

 Fiber optics has several advantages over

traditional metalcommunicationslines:
Fiber optic cables have a much
greaterbandwidththan metal cables. This
means that they can carry more data.
Fiber optic cables are less sensitive than
metal cables to interference.
Fiber optic cables are much thinner and
lighter than metal wires.

 The main disadvantage of fiber

optics is that the cables are
expensive to install. In addition, they
are more sensitive than wire and are
difficult to splice.

(parts of optical fibers cable)

 The applications for using fiber

optic are communications, sensors
and power transmission

 Fiber optics is a popular technology forlocal-area

networks. In addition, telephone companies are
replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber
optic cables. In the future, almost all
communications will use fiber optics.

FIBRE GLASS

 Glass is hard, strong and has a relatively

high density. However, it is also brittle.
Plastic is elastic, flexible with low density
but not as strong as glass.
When glass fibres are used to reinforce
plastc, we get a strong composite material
called fibre glass.
Fibre glass has high tensile strenght, can be
easily coloured and low in density. It can be
made into thin layers, yet very strong.

 It is also easily moulded and shaped.

It has been used to make household
products like water storage tanks,
badminton rackets. Small boats, skis
and helmets.

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
It can be produced by embedding photochromic
substances like silver chloride, AgCl crystals in glass
or transparent polymers.
When it is exposed to light, silver chloride, AgCl is
converted to silver and the glass darkens.
The photochromic glass becomes tranparent again
when silver is converted back to silver chloride, AgCl
when the light dims.
It is sitable for making optical lenses, car
windshields, smart energy efficient Windows in
buildings, information display panels, lens in
cameras, optical switches and light intensity meters.