Wind Loading

Background
Standards
Design

Wind Loading

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Wind Loading

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Wind Loading

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Wind Loading
CP3: Chapter V: Part 2
Code of basic data for the design of buildings

Chapter V . Loadings Part 2. Wind loads

BS 6399-2:1997
Loadings for buildings Part2: Code of

practice for wind loads

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Wind Loading - CP3

Wind Speed - 3 second gust
Exposure
Open Country
Open Country, scattered wind breaks
Small towns, outskirts of cities
City centres
Building Height

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Wind Speed - hourly mean
Height above sea level
Distance from sea
Exposure
Town
Country
Building height

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Standard Method
Directional Method

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Site Wind Speed

V s = Vb x S a x Sd x Ss x Sp
Vb Basic wind speed
Sa Altitude factor
Sd Direction factor
Ss Seasonal factor
Sp Probability factor

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Altitude factor

Sa = 1+ 0.001x Height above sea level

If topography not significant
As a generalisation any building more than half-way up a

hill, or an on a ridge or cliff will have increase wind

loading and a more detailed calculation of Sa will be
required

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Sd Direction factor

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Ss Seasonal factor = 1
Sp Probability factor = 1

1 in 50 years storm

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Example calculation
Vs = Vb x Sa x Sd x Ss x Sp
Sa =1.005
Sd =1
Ss = 1
Sp = 1
Vs = 16.63 x 1.01 x 1 x 1 x1 = 16.80 m/s

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Effective wind speed

Ve = Vs x Sb

Sb = Terrain & Building Factor

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Site in town or country

Distance from the sea

Wind Loading - BS6399

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Example calculation

Building size:
H = 26.2 m
L = 44.3 m

Ve = Vs x Sb
Sb = 1.97 for distance 30 km from sea and He = 26.2 m
Ve = Vs x Sb = 16.80 x 1.932 = 32.5 m/s

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Dynamic Pressure

qs = 0.613 x Ve2
qs = 0.613 x (32.5)2 = 647.5 N/m2
= 0.65 kN/m2

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Pressure to structure
External pressure

pe = qs x Cpe x Ca
Cpe is the external pressure coefficient
Ca is the size effect factor = 1

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Internal pressure

pi = qs x Cpi x Ca
Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient
Ca is the size effect factor = 1

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Wind Loads

p = pe - pi

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Malaysia Wind Map

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Wind speed gust

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*Sources of data: Razali, A.M et al, Mapping of Annual Extreme Wind Speed
Analysis from 12 Stations in Peninsular Malaysia