COMPUTER HARDWARE

SERVICING
LEARNING MODULE

By:
Gladys A. Invento

Computer - electronic device

that manipulates
information, or data. It
has the ability to store,
retrieve, & process data.
Computer use to type
documents, send email,
and browse the internet

Components of
Computer
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Peopleware

Components of
Computer
1. Hardware physical,
touchable, electronic and
mechanical parts of a
computer
- it has a physical
structure

Examples of Hardware

Monitor

Keyboard

2. Software - set of
instructions program that
guides the hardware to
operate effectively.
Software can be split into
two main types:
a. System Software - Any
software required to support
the production or execution
of application programs

Examples of Software

MAC

LINUX

b. Application Software Designed to help the user to

perform singular or multiple
related tasks.
Examples of application software
are as follows:
Word processing software Creates, edits, saves, and prints
documents.
Example: MS Word, WordPerfect,

Spreadsheet software - An
electronic spreadsheet
consisting of rows and columns
is used to present and analyze
data.
Example: MS Excel, Lotus 123,
Quattro Pro.

Database management
software - Used to structure a
database, a large collection of
computer programs. Data is
organized as fields and records
for easy retrieval.
Example: MS Access, dBase, Fox
Pro, Oracle.

Graphic software - Graphics

programs display results of
data manipulation for easier
analysis and presentation.
Example: Macromedia Flash,
Harvard Graphics, 3D Studio
Max, Adobe Photoshop

Classification of
Computer Parts

1. System Unit
2. Input Devices
3. Output Devices

INPUT DEVICES
- anyperipheral(piece ofcomputer
hardwareequipment) that accepts
data and instructions from the
user or from another computer
system.
Examples: webcams, scanners,
keyboards, microphones, joysticks,
gamepads and many others.

Input/Output or I/ODevices

Everything attached to computer

that move data in and out of the
computer

Two (2) Types of Input

Devices
1. Keyboard Entry
2. Direct Entry

1. Keyboard Entry Data is

inputted to the computer
through a keyboard.

Keyboard - The first input

device developed for the PC.
Data is transferred to the PC
over a short cable with a circular
6-pin Mini-din connector that
plugs into the back of the
motherboard.

First IBM PC has 83 keys then

84 key keyboard
1986 IBM developed 101
key keyboard layout with
104 key that become todays
standard

ERGONOMICS

The art and science of creating

human friendly design with the
goal of making products
comfortable, safe, and
efficient.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

2. Direct Entry input

devices that dont to be
keyed or typed using the
keyboard

Three Categories of Direct

Entry Devices
1.Pointing Devices
2. Scanning Devices
3. Voice- Input Devices

1. Pointing Devices - An input

device used to move the pointer
(cursor) on screen.
Mouse
- The most common
'pointing device' used in PCs. Every
mouse has two buttons and most
have one or two scroll wheels.

History of Mouse

Douglas
Engelbart
invented the first mouse in
1968
made
from
the
hollowed out wooden block
with a button on top

Types of Mouse
1.

ball/mechanical mouse
- standard mouse
- two buttons & a small wheel
between button and cable
connects to the PC
- It has rubberized ball that
attracts dirt.

2. Trackball mouse
- it has platform to rest hand
and a small wheel operated
by thumb

3. Optical mouse
- latest innovation
- uses tiny camera that detect
mouse movement by imaging
the surface the mouse moves
over
- captures 1,500 6000
images per second

4. Touchpad
- common in laptops
- uses distortion sensing
technology

OUTPUT DEVICES

Any
piece
of
computer
hardware
that
displays
results
after
the
PC
processed input data.

Classification of Output
Devices
1. Computer Display
Monitor
2. LCD Projectors
3. Smart Board
4. Printer
5. Speaker

1. Computer Display
Monitor

It displays information in
visual form, using text and
graphics.

The portion of the monitor

that displays the information
is called the screen or
video display terminal.

Types of Monitor
A. CRT Monitors
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT)
were the only type of
displays for use with desktop
PCs. They are relatively big
(14" to 16" deep) and heavy
(over 15 lbs).

Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

CRT uses electron guns to write

the phosphor-coated screen
Refresh rate the number of
times electron guns write and
refresh the phosphor in single
second
Hertz (Hz) refresh rate or cycles
per second
72 Hz standard refresh rate in
Europe
60 Hz standard refresh rate in

B. LCD Monitors
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
technology has been used in
laptops for some time. It has
recently
been
made
commercially available as
monitors for desktop PCs.

Liquid Crystal Display Monitor

C. LED Monitors
(LightEmittingDiode)
A
display
and
lighting
technology used in almost
every
electrical
and
electronic product on the
market, from a tiny on/off
light to digital readouts,
flashlights, traffic lights and
perimeter lighting.

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF

MONITOR
For CRT :
dust with computer vacuum
and clean fingerprints with lint
free cloth
use glass cleaners and nonabrasive cloth

For LCD:
use manufacturers
recommended cleaning tool
LCD has antiglare screen

ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS

Pollution
Interference
The above shortens the
lifespan of monitor

Remember:

Avoid smoking around

monitor
Avoid running hair dryer or
other devices on the same
circuit
Avoid nearby magnet that
bends or warps display
screen

1.
.
.

MONITOR PROBLEMS
Fuzzines fuzzy/ out of
focus
misalignment of electron
guns
Replace monitor

2. Missing color
untightened video cable
3. Missing pixel
video card
4. Dim screen
adjust brightness
electron guns for CRT
worn out backlight for LCD

5. No image
Unplug power
Brightness setting
Video cable
Video card
6. Bizarre image
video card replacement

2. LCD Projectors
AnLCD projector
(liquid-crystal display) is a type
ofvideo projectorfor displaying
video, images or computer data
on a screen or other flat
surface.
It
is
a
modern
equivalent of theslide projector
oroverhead projector.

Projector Image

3. Smart Board
A type of display screen that
has
a
touch
sensitive
transparent panel covering
the screen, which is similar to
a touch screen.

SMARTBOARD

4. Printer
A device that prints text or
illustrations on paper.

TYPES OF PRINTER
1.

Dot matrix uses pins (9

pins or 24 pins)that strike
against the inked ribbon to
print
- also called impact printer
because these printers work
like a typewriter.
- rough images, ragged texts

2. Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer

Sprays ink at a sheet of paper.
Ink-jet printers produce highquality text and graphics.

Quality is measured in
resolution expressed in dots
per inch (dpi)
2,880 x 720 todays
resolution
Colors: black, cyan, magenta,
yellow
Speed: 15 ppm black and
white
1 ppm colored printing

3. Laser Printer

Uses the same technology

as copy machines. Laser
printers produce very high
quality text and graphics.
15 ppm 50 ppm

When a document is sent to

the printer, a laser beam
"draws" the document on a
selenium-coated drum using
electrical charges. After the
drum is charged, it is rolled in
toner, a dry powder type of
ink.

Laser Printer

4. LCD and LED Printer

uses liquid crystals or lightemitting diodes rather than a
laser to produce an image on
the drum.

LCD and LED Printer

5. Thermal Printer
An inexpensive printer that
works by pushing heated pins
against heat-sensitive paper.
Thermal printers are widely
used in calculators and fax
machines.

Thermal Printer

Points to consider in buying

printer

What are you going to print?

How fast do you want to
print?
How much do you want to
pay?

Printer Problem Tools

Printer guide
maintenance program
Printer test
Printer error warning

Printer Problems
No print problems
a. Printer acts like printer, but
nothing comes out
- check paper
- check ink/toner
b. Printer doesnt do anything
- cable connection
- power
1.

2. Paper problems
a. Paper jam
b. Paper pick-up tray wont
grab
-

Check pick-up rollers

Paper humidity

3. Bad print problems

a. streak or spots called speckles
- for laser use vacuum to clean
- for inkjet clean the print cartridge
- use the maintenance program
b. fades
- low toner/ink
- shake toner
- if spotted, paper is too damp
c. fuzzy print-put
- alignment problem

5. Speakers

Used to play sound.

Speakers allow you to listen
to music and hear sound
effects from your computer.

Speakers

How Sound Works in PC

Components to capture sound
Sound card
Speakers
Microphone
Recording/playback software

Sampling process of
capturing/recording sound
electronically.
- It is measured in kilohertz,
thousands of cycles per second
11 Khz low quality like in
telephone
128 Khz ultra high quality
the more you sample a sound
wave, the better is the quality.

Bit Depth

Amplitude loudness of sound

b. Frequency high or low tones
c. Timbre quality that differentiate
the same note played on different
instruments
. All characteristics are translated to
1 and 0 to reproduce sound
accurately.
. The greater the bit depth, the more
is the quality.
a.

28 = 256 bits, cheap

recording which is flat and
thin
216 = 65, 536 bits, good
recording

TRACKS
.

The last aspect of sound

1. monaural single track
2. stereo two tracks

CD QUALITY

44 Khz sampling rate

16 bit depth
Stereo track

SOUND FORMAT

4 min song at 44Khz sampling

rate, 16 bit depth, stereo has
40+ MB capacity.

Programmers compress these

audio files so they would take
up lesser space.
CODECS CODE/DECODE is a
program or algorithm to
compress and decompress
files

Audio File Format is a kind of file

used as means of storing digital
audio data on a computer

Audio Format
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
Format
.
Its use in 1960 to carry telephone
calls over the first digital lines
.
The same technology used in
computer known as WAV format.
. WAV files are huge especially when
sampled at high frequency and bit
depth
1.

2. Fraunhoffer MPEG Layer 3 or

MP3
MPEG - Moving Pictures Expert
Group is an international
standard for encoding and
compressing video and audio
files or data
MP3 has high quality file size
which is 1/10 than the size of
wav file
MP3 is popular which is played

3. WMA Windows Media Audio

- developed for Microsoft
4. MIDI Musical Instrument
Digital Interface
5. AIF Audio Interchange File
- developed by Apple
- played on Apple Quicktime
and Apple iTunes
6. RM Real Media Player

1990 Dolby Digital become

the standard in music
industry

Speaker Standards
1.) Stereo oldest speaker
technology
- consist of left and right speaker
2.) 2.1 systems
- standard stereo with subwoofer
Subwoofer is a speaker addition that
provides low frequency tones.

3.) Surround speaker

- pioneered by Dolby Digital
Sound in 1990
Five channels
Front left
Rear - left
Front right Rear - right
Front center

4.) 5.1 System

- five channels with subwoofer

Male connector is a connector

attached to a wire, cable, or
piece of hardware, having one or
more
exposed,
unshielded
electricalterminals,
and
constructed in such a way that it
can be inserted snugly into a
receptacle (female connector)
to ensure a reliable physical and
electricalconnection.

Female connector is a
connector attached to a wire,
cable, or piece of hardware,
having one or more recessed
holes with electrical terminals
inside, and constructed in such
a way that a plug with exposed
conductors
(male connector)
can be inserted snugly into it

D. The Ports and their

function
What is a Port?
Incomputer hardware, a port
serves as an interface between
the
computer
and
other
computers
or
peripheral
devices.
generic term for any connector
on the back of the PC

Connect external devices

(mouse, keyboard, headphones)
or peripherals (monitor, back-up
drive, etc) to the computer

TYPES OF PORTS
1. Serial Port
- 9 pin male socket
- Intended for serial type
mouse and older camera

TYPES OF PORTS
2. Parallel Port
Also called as printer port.
This is only for old model
printer. It has 25 pins. It is a
female port.

3. VGA (Video Graphic Array)

Port
Used to connect monitors. It has
15 pins in three rows female port.

4. USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Port
High speed serial interface that
is used with almost all devices. It
is used to connect latest model
printers, pen drives, cell
phones etc. It has 4 pins.

5. PS/2 (Personal
System)Port
Simple, 6-pin, low-speed serial
connections commonly
dedicated to a keyboard and
mouse.

6. Power Port
Intended for power cord.

7. S-Video Port
S-Video connections are available
on certain source components
and video display devices,
and offer a higher level of video
performance over composite
video signals.

8. Audio Port
Intended for plugging in the
speaker or headset.

Green line out speaker: to

output/produce sound from
computer
Blue line in stereo/cd
player/cassette: to import or
record sound to computer
Pink for microphone

9. LAN (Local Area Networking)

Port
A physical interface often used for
terminating twisted pair type cables
used to connect computers onto a
local-area networks (LAN),
especially Ethernet RJ-45 connectors

NETWORK

Group of computers
connected to each other for
purpose of sharing data and
hardware.

CLASSIFICATION OF
NETWORK
A. LAN

(Local Area Network

- small area such as home,
small office, school building
B. CAN (Campus Area Network)
- schools or university network
operated by school

C. MAN (Metropolitan Area

Network)
- greater than LAN, smaller
than WAN
. Cover entire city or
municipality
- Operated by government or
big businesses.

D. WAN (Wide Area Network)

- cover great distances such as
cities, provinces, countries or
the world.

E. Cables and Wires

A cable is most often two or

more wires running side by
side and bonded, twisted or
braided together to form a
single assembly, but can also
refer to a heavy strong rope.

1. Mouse &
keyboard jacks
- intended for the
PS/2 port
specifically for
PS/2 type of
keyboard and
mouse.

2. Audio & Microphone jack

- intended for the audio and
microphone port.

3. S-video jack
- for S-Video port

4. Monitor
Jack
- intended
for the
VGA (Video
Graphic
Array) port

5.USB (Universal Serial Bus) plug

- intended for USB port. Modern or
new model of peripherals like
printer, camera, scanners and even
other portable computer
attachments used USB type of plugs.

6. printer cable jack

- intended for the parallel port

7. Power Cord
the most important cord
because it connects the
computer to the main source
of electricity to make it
functional.

8. Registered Jack (RJ 45)

standardized networking
interface and the "45" simply
refers to the number of the
interface standard) is a type
of connector commonly used
for Ethernetnetworking.

Motherhood is a
necessity for all
invention.
~Unknown
Quipster

Motherboard

Properly configured and functioning

mobo provides a solid foundation for all
other hardware
Stable, solid, dependable

Motherboard

known in the following names:

Mainboard
System Bard
MOBO
. The main circuit board of a
computer.
. It contains all the circuits and
components that run the
computer.

MAJOR MOTHERBOARD
MANUFACTURERS

ASUS
GIGABYTE
ABIT
IBM laid the foundation of todays
motherboard.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Common Mobo Features

CPU Socket/Slot
CPU Fan Power Connector
Memory Slots
Power Connector (PI)
EIDE and FDD Ports
Chipset
Expansion Slots
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI)

Common Mobo Features

9. Date and Time Battery (CMOS)
10. Flash ROM (BIOS)
11. Front Panel Connector
12. Jumpers
13. PS/2 Ports
14. Parallel Port and Serial Ports
15. USB Port
16. Network Port
17. Sound and Game Ports

HOW TO HANDLE
MOTHEBOARD

Do not touch components

within the CPU socket area
Hold it from the
corners/sides

PERSONAL TOUR OF
THE MOTHERBOARD

Mobo have many parts working

together to keep PC running

1. CPU Socket/Slot

A place to insert the CPU

CPU inserts into the mobo
near one corner, on the
opposite end from the
expansion slots.

MAJOR CPU MAKERS

Intel
AMD (Advanced Microdevices)

CPU

Electronic device that accepts input and performs

hundreds of different types of functions on that
input
May be as simple as basic arithmetic functions like
adding 2+2
Or may be something more complex such as Take
this value and send it to the video card so it can
display a color on the screen.
The collection of all functions that a CPU can
perform is called CPUs instruction set.
Commands sent to the CPU to tell the CPU to do
something are called programs.

EMPTY MECHANICAL PEN

Where are the

Programs?

Without programs the commands

that tell the CPU what you want to do
the CPU is useless.
For the CPU to work, the PC must have
a way to grab programs and send them
to the CPU so the CPU can do
whatever you want it to do. So where
are the programs?

Build a pc with only but very slow

Cpu process millions, even billions of
commands. HD IS NOT ENOUGH
Programs loaded to RAM.
RAM feed it to cpu
Running program

Mobo filled with tiny wires called traces

Wires come out from cpu and run to a
special helper called northbridge
Northbridge connects cpu to ram
Multiple wires to connect two or more
devices is called bus
Front side bus connects cpu,
northbridge and ram

Identify right cpu for mobo

Many cpu chips in past decay

How to identify a cpu?
Cpu manufacturers, model, speed,
package

Cpu manufactures

Intel and ADVANCED MICRODEVICES

INTEL processor wont work wit mobo
designed for AMD

Processor model

I3, i5, i7
Amd athlon

Cpu speed

To achieve speed reduce physical size

of cpu to reduce the amount of voltage
to run cpu which reduce the heat of
processor
Manufacturer can crank up the speed
of the processor without fear of
overheating and you run games at
super speeds and everybody is happy

CPU package

Shape, size, external features

Why so many different looks?
Cpu became faster and smarter need more
pins to link to to mobo
A modern cpu has more pins than older
pins
Dont assume two cpus of the same make
and model share the same package type
Both package is generically call pin grid
array or pga

Example
423 pin p4
478 pin p4
Intel will not work in sockets designed
for amd and vise versa

Five ways to identify cpu

System information
Start -> programs -> accessories
->system tools -> system information
Right click my computer icon
->properties

Slot CPU - Older Athlon, Celeron

Socket CPU current Pentium 4, Athlon
XP

The number on the socket identifies

the type.
Example:
Socket 423 for Intel Pentium 4 CPUs
Socket 462 for AMD Athlon XP

Intel Coreis a brand name used for

various mid-range to high-end
consumer and business
microprocessorsmade byIntel.
In general, Core microprocessors are
more powerful than entry level Celeron
and Pentium

The current lineup of Core processors

includes the latest:
Intel Core i7
Intel Core i5
Intel Core i3
Older:
Intel Core 2 Solo
Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Quad,

What's the difference between

an Intel Core i3, i5 and i7?

The numbers are simply indicative of

their relative processing powers.
Their relative levels of processing
power are also signified by their Intel
Processor Star Ratings

STAR RATING

i7 five star
i5 four stars
i3 3 stars
Pentium 2 stars
Celeron 1 star

STAR RATING CRITERIA

number of cores
clockspeed (in GHz)
size of cache
new Intel technologies like Turbo Boost
and Hyper-Threading

Number of Cores

The more cores there are, the more

tasks (known as threads) can be served
at the same time
Core i3 - lowest number of cores, two
cores
Core i5 quad core
Core i5-661dual-core processor ,
clockspeed of 3.33 GHz

Cache size

Cache is just like RAM, only faster

because its built into the CPU itself
Both RAM and cache serve as holding
areas for frequently used data.
Basically,RAMminimizes interaction
with the hard disk, while cache
minimizes interaction with the RAM.
larger cache, more data can be
accessed quickly

All Core i3 processors have 3MB of

cache.
Core i5 6MB of cache
Core i5 661 4MB
Core i7 CPUs - 8MB
i7 outperforms an i5 and why an i5
outperforms an i3.

Intel Turbo Boost

Intel Turbo Boost Technology allows a

processor to increase its clockspeed
whenever the need arises.
Core i5-661, its maximum allowable
processor frequency is 3.6 GHz
Core i3 CPUs have no Turbo Boost

Hyper-Threading

single core serve multiple threads

Core i3, which is only a dual core serve two
threads per core. total of four threads can run
simultaneously
Core i5 dont support Hyper-Threading
Core i7 processors are thecreme de la creme. Not
only are they quad cores, they also support HyperThreading. Thus, a total of eight threads can run
on them at the same time. Combine that with 8MB
of cache and Intel Turbo Boost Technology, which
all of them have, and youll see what sets the Core
i7 apart from its siblings.

Intel Core i3

The first Core i3 processors were

launched on January 7, 2010

2. CPU Fan Power

Connector

CPU fan draws the heat and move the hot

air
Fans are rated according to the amount of
air they move, measured in cubic feet
per minute CFM
22 CFM average
45 CFM high performance

REMEMBER!

Plugging in the fan power

connector incorrectly will cook
the fan or short the power
connector.

3. Memory Slots

A place to insert the memory

ATX motherboard have two, three, or
four memory slots with 184 pins for
DDR SDRAM DIMMS (Dual Data Rate
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
Memory Dual Inline Memory Modules)
and 168 pin SDRAM

4. Power Connector (PI)

Provides connection between

outlet and CPU
an electrical connector for
supplying direct current (DC)
power
Powers CPU and memory
3.3 volt, 5V, 12V

Pentium 4 (P4) Power

Supplies

Provides extra 12-volt power to

motherboards designed for Pentium 4
cpu

P4 Power Connector
A 12V power supply cable
used withmotherboardsthat
have anIntelPentium 4
processor
Supply additional power to
the motherboard

5. EIDE and FDD Ports

Along the edge of the mobo near RAM

slots are three or five ports with many
wires poking up.
EIDE Enhanced Integrated Drive
Electronic, provides standardized
interface for hard drives and CD-media
drives
Each 40 pin EIDE support two EIDE
devices
FDD Floppy Disk Drive is a port for two
floppy disk
- each 34 pin can support two floppy

HARD DRIVE CABLES

Three main types of hard drive
data cables:
1. IDE/PATA
2. SATA
3. SCSI

1. IDE (Integrated Drive

Electronics)
known as PATA (Parallel Advance
Technology Attachment) drives, are
commonly found in personal
computers. These drives usually are
found only in older computers.
An IDE/PATA hard drive cable is a
ribbon cable containing 40 pins.
Either one or two devices may be

2. SATA Cable (Serial Advance

Technology Attachment)
A SATA hard drive cable has seven
conductors and is smaller than an
IDE/PATA cable. A SATA cable
connects a single hard drive to a
single connector on the SATA
controller, which is usually found on
the computer's motherboard.

3. SCSI (Small Computer System

Interface)
SCSI cables look similar to IDE/PATA
cables in that both drives use ribbon
cables. However, SCSI cables have
more pins than IDE cables. Depending
on the SCSI interface, a SCSI cable may
have 50 or 68 pins (IDE/PATA drives
have 40). Like IDE, multiple SCSI
devices can be connected to a single
channel through "daisy chaining."
Depending on the SCSI interface, as
many as 7 or 15 devices may be

6. Chipset

Facilitates communication
between CPU and other devices
in the system

1.
.
.
.

NorthBridge
called thememory controller
also called GMCH, forGraphic
and Memory Controller Hub.
in
charge
of
controlling
transfers between the CPU
and the RAM and the AGP

2. SouthBridge

also called theinput/output

controlleror expansion
controller

handles communications
between peripheral devices

7. Expansion Slots or
Bus

Allows you to add other

devices to your computer
It allows the CPU to talk to
the other devices in the
computer and vice versa.

TWO TYPES OF
EXPANSION BUS
1. PCI
.
.

(Peripheral
Component
Interconnect) Slot
the most popular expansion bus use
in today's computers
General-purpose, 32-bit,33MHz slots
designed
to
enable
quick
communication between internal
hardware add-ons and the CPU

PCI BUS

EXPANSION CARD

2. AGP (Accelerated
Graphic Port) Slot
designed for the high
demands of 3-D graphics
exclusive for video cards 32bit, 66MHz connection

AGP BUS

9. Date and Time

Battery (CMOS)

CMOS
is
short
for
Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor
A battery that enables the
system to retain accurate
date and time settings even
when the PC is power is off.

10. Flash ROM (BIOS)

BIOS is short for Basic Input Output

System
a small set of code that enables CPU
to communicate properly with devices
built into the motherboard.
It is stored in a small chip called Flash
ROM chip
Award, AMI, Phoenix

11. Front Panel

Connector

Connectors on the front of the system

unit, such as the following:
power and reset buttons
Power and hard drive activity lights
PC speaker
USB power

12. Jumpers

a pair of wires that you

enable (turn on) or disable
(turn off) by placing a small
plastic and metal shunt over
both wires.
jumpers labeled on the
mobo as JP#, where # is any
whole number, such as JP1,

13. PS/2 Ports

Two small round ports on the edge

closest to the CPU are mini-DIN ports,
commonly called PS/2 ports.
6 pin ports for keyboard and mouse
Introduced by IBM

14. Parallel Port and

Serial Ports
Parallel

port is a 25-pin Dshaped female port to attach

printer, scanner and other
parallel device
Serial port is a 9-pin male
ports to connect older serial
devices such as external
modems and old mouse

15. USB Port

High speed serial interface

that is used with almost all
devices. It is used to connect
latest model printers, pen
drives, cell phones etc.
It has 4 pins.

16. Network Port

A physical interface often

used for terminating twisted
pair type cables used to
connect computers onto a
local-area networks (LAN),
especially Ethernet RJ-45
connectors

17. Sound and Game

Ports

Sound port is intended for

plugging in the speaker or
headset
Game port connects gaming
devices

Types of Motherboard

Advanced Technology
Advanced Technology Extended

AT Motherboard
AT Motherboard
- old-style for factor of mobo
. Invented by IBM in early 80s and
became the predominant form factor
. Very large like two pieces of paper laid
side by side
. Large keyboard plug called DIN
connector
. Split P8/P9 style of power socket

Baby AT
The original AT mobo was then called
Full AT, Regular AT, or sometimes just
AT.
The standardization of permanent
elements enable people to swap one
mobo for another,as long as they
stayed within the AT standard
Disadvantage: lack of external ports

ATX Motherboard

has achieved strong position in mobo form factors

and today is the standard
Provides a standard for manufacturers to adhere to.
ATX MOBO are relatively small compared to AT
meaning that computers although more powerful,
take up less desk space than ever.
ATX MOBO improved external connectors designed
to support the increasing demands of PC users and
devices
Other improvements RAM close to northbridge and
cpu for enhanced performance

TWO TYPES OF ATX

MICRO ATX
FLEX ATX

MICRO ATX

Micro ATX is to ATX what Baby ATX was

to AT
Further reduce the size of mobo
Physical size called a foot print and has
three or four expansion slots

FLEX ATX

Created by INTEL in 1999

9 by 7.5 inches dimension which makes
it the smallest mobo in the ATX
standard
Created to reduce the size of the
lowest-cost computers
Limited expansion slots

PROPRIETY
MOTHERBOARDS

.
.

HEWLETT-PACKARD
SONY
These companies make mobo that
work only with their cases.
These propriety mobo enable these
companies to create systems that
stand out from the generic ones and
push clients to get service and
upgrades from authorized dealers

Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk Drive

Also known as hard drive,

a magnetic storage device
installed inside the computer.
The hard drive is used as
permanent storage for data.
In a Windows computer, the hard
drive is usually configured as the
C: drive and contains the
operating system and applications.

Hard Disk Drive

invented in the 1950s

originally called "fixed disks"
or "Winchesters" (a code
name used for a popular IBM
product).
later became known as "hard
disks" to distinguish them
from "floppy disks."

FLOPPY DISK

Afloppy disk, also called

adiskette, is adisk storage
medium composed of a disk
of thin and flexible
magnetic storagemedium,
sealed in a rectangular plastic
carrier lined with fabric that
removes dust particles

MAJOR HDD
MANUFACTURERS
Seagate Technology

IBM(International Business
Machines)

Western Digital

Fujitsu

Parts of Hard drive

ENCLOSURE

the shell
that houses
the internal
components
of HDD

Logic Board

Logic Board

Also known as the hard drive

controller circuit board
instruction manual for the
computer attempting to
access the drive
holds the read/write cache

HE ADS

Reads the data

Every platter requires two
heads: top and bottom
Bonus Question:

If a hard drive has four platters, how

many heads does it have?

HDD SPINDLE MOTOR

HDD SPINDLE MOTOR

controlled by the logic board

holds a hard drives platters
in place
rotates the platters, or the
disks

Desktop: 7,200 or 10,000

RPM (Revolution per
minute)
Notebook: 4200 or 5400
RPM

HDD PLATTER

HDD PLATTER

A hard drive platter being accessed by an actuator

arm.

HDD PLATTER

One or more aluminum,

glass, or ceramic disk that is
coated in a magnetic media
and is located within a hard
drive
to
permanently
store
computer'sdata.

HOW DATA IS STORED IN

HDD?

Geometry physical placement of

circles on tiny pits in the hard disk
drive or CD

Sectors
- pie-shaped
wedges on a
track

Cylinder
Tracks
- concentric
circles

Sector smallest storage

area (universal atom)
Each sector has 512 bytes

Bonus Question:

If a sector is the smallest storage area

on the HDD does a file smaller than
512 still uses an entire sector?

PARTITION

A discrete electronic chunk of

a hard drive for organizing
data on the hard drive

UNLOCK TERM

DISCRETE: Separate and

distinct

How Hard Disks Work

The logic board reads and amplifies

the very weak, isolated magnetic
fields that comprise your data.
The logic board begins using the
actuator to read information from the
sectors in the requested cluster.
Information is streamed into the hard
drive cache
The information is fed from the cache,
to the hard drive controller, to you and
your RAM!

User requests information on the hard

drive.
Operating system accesses the MFT, or
master file table (An index of files and
locations), via the motherboards hard
drive controller to find the files cluster.
Operating system tells the hard drives
logic board, via the hard drive
controller, that it wants a file from a
cluster.
The logic board spins up the platters on
the spindle.
The actuator arm is moved into

There are two ways to measure the

performance of a hard disk:

Data rate- The data rate is the number of bytes

per second that the drive can deliver to the CPU.
Rates between 5 and 40 megabytes per second
are common.
Seek time- The seek time is the amount of time
between when the CPU requests a file and when
the first byte of the file is sent to the CPU. Times
between 10 and 20 milliseconds are common.
The other important parameter is
thecapacityof the drive, which is the number of
bytes it can hold.

HARD DRIVE CABLES

Three main types of hard drive
data cables:
1. IDE/PATA
2. SATA
3. SCSI

ATA/PATA OR IDE
ATA Advanced Technology
Attachment
PATA Parallel ATA
IDE Integrated Drive
Electronics

1. IDE (Integrated Drive

Electronics)
known as PATA (Parallel Advance
Technology Attachment) drives, are
commonly found in personal
computers. These drives usually are
found only in older computers.
An IDE/PATA hard drive cable is a
ribbon cable containing 40 pins.
Either one or two devices may be

The traditional IDE

data cable consists of
two or three 40-pin
connectors

IDE cable can be used to

connect up to 2 IDE devices if
there are three connectors
present
one which is used to connect
to the IDE port on the
motherboard and other two
the IDE ports on the storage
devices

2. SATA Cable (Serial Advance

Technology Attachment)
A SATA hard drive cable has seven
conductors and is smaller than an
IDE/PATA cable. A SATA cable
connects a single hard drive to a
single connector on the SATA
controller, which is usually found on
the computer's motherboard.

SERIAL ATA (SATA)

first released in
August2001and is
a replacement for
the Parallel ATA

capable of delivering 1.5

Gbps(150MBps)

3. SCSI (Small Computer System

Interface)
SCSI cables look similar to IDE/PATA
cables in that both drives use ribbon
cables. However, SCSI cables have
more pins than IDE cables. Depending
on the SCSI interface, a SCSI cable may
have 50 or 68 pins (IDE/PATA drives
have 40). Like IDE, multiple SCSI
devices can be connected to a single
channel through "daisy chaining."
Depending on the SCSI interface, as
many as 7 or 15 devices may be

Power cable

IDE hard drives receive

power through a 4-pin molex
connector