Johnny Haga, Transmission and Distribution Substations, 12.3.

2010

SUBSTATION TRAINING
1. Primary components
ABB
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Primary components, contents

ABB
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1. Circuit breaker

2. Disconnector

3. Current transformer

4. Voltage transformer

5. Surge arrester

6. Composite insulators

Primary components
Construction

Circuit breaker

Breaking element(s)

Breaking chamber, interrupter

chamber, interrupter housing, etc.

Contains interrupter, interrupting

medium

Support insulator

Line-to-ground insulator

Contains insulated pull-rod,

insulating medium

Operating mechanism

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Stored energy, secondary

wiring

Primary components

Circuit breaker

Different types

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Live
Tank

Dead
Tank

Primary components

Circuit breaker

Development

the sixties

the seventies
& the eighties

the eighties
& the nineties

Air Blast

Oil

SF6 Gas

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Primary components

ABB
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Circuit breaker

Primary components

ABB
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Circuit breaker

Primary components

ABB
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Circuit breaker

Primary components

ABB
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Circuit breaker

Primary components

ABB
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Circuit breaker

Primary components

ABB
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Disconnector

Visual separation point

Hand or motor operated, speed

is not vital

Cant normally switch load

current

Can have earthing switch on

one or both sides

Normally three-phase operated,

higher voltages single-phase
operated

Primary components
Disconnector types

CENTER BREAK

Disconnector

VERTICAL BREAK

DOUBLE BREAK
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PANTOGRAPH

Primary components

Disconnector

Center break

72.5/90/123/145/170/
245/300/420/550
Rated current (A)
1600/2500/3150/4000
Main features:

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Rated voltage (kV)

No external springs

Welded aluminium current path

Strong rotary pedestals

Little maintenance

Ice breaking capability (up to 20mm)

Primary components

Disconnector

Double break

123/145/170/245/300
420/550
Rated current (A)
2500/3150/4000
Main features:

ABB
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Rated voltage (kV)

No external springs

Shorter pole distance

Strong pedestals

Little maintenance

Easy and simple erection

Ice breaking capability (up to 20mm)

Primary components

Disconnector

Pantograph

123/145/170/245/300
420/550
Rated current (A)
3150/4000
Main features:

Rated voltage (kV)

Switching position clearly

from a far distance

Easy position adjustment

Minimal installation area

Short assembly time

Little maintenance
Ice breaking capability (up to 20mm)

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Primary components

Disconnector

Vertical break

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Rated voltage (kV)

245/420

Rated current (A)

2500/3150/4000
Main features:

Shorter pole distance

Strong resistance against

dynamic forces

Little maintenance

Ice breaking capability (up 20mm)

Primary components

ABB
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Instrument transformers

Primary components

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Current transformer

Primary components

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Current transformer

Primary components

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Current transformer

Primary components

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Current transformer

Primary components

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Current transformer

Primary components

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Current transformer

Primary components

Current transformer

1 or 5 A secondary?

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Relay or meter burden nowadays < 2 VA

Distance from CT to relay is normally around 100200 m

This will give for 1 A, 200 m and 2.5 mm2 a burden of 1.4 VA,
and for 5 A , 200 m and 2.5 mm2 a burden of 35 VA

The cable burden is 25 times for 5 A compared to 1 A!

If using 10 mm2 instead of 2.5 mm2 for 5 A, the burden will be

8.75 VA

The total burden would then be 5 VA for 1 A and 15 VA for 5 A

The 5 A core must be 3 times larger than 1 A core, and also a

more expensive cable is to be used

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

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Voltage transformer

Primary components

Voltage transformer

Do not overdimension

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Relay or meter burden nowadays < 2 VA

The accuracy class of the voltage transformer is normally fulfilled

from 25 % to 100 % of the rated burden

Below 25 % of rated burden, the measuring error will increase

Minimum error is typically at 75 % of rated burden

Older specifications may call for high burden on instruments

transformers, from times of electromechanical relays and meters

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components
Overvoltage stresses

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Surge arrester

Primary components

Surge arrester

Where shall surge arresters be placed?

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Primary components

Surge arrester

Where shall surge arresters be placed?

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Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components

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Surge arrester

Primary components
Surge arrester monitoring

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Surge arrester

Primary components

Composite insulators

All customers dont accept these!

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Primary components

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Composite insulators

Primary components

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Composite insulators

Primary components

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Composite insulators

Primary components

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Composite insulators