Stid1103 Ch1 Introduction To IT

CHAPTER ONE (1)
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (IT)
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Learning Objectives
After
completing this chapter you will be able to:-
Describe the evolution of Information Technology and

Communications
Explain the concepts of ICT and IT
Introduce to computer hardware
Introduce to computer software
Discuss the history of Windows Technology
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Chapter Outline
Introduction
IT & ICT
Computer
Hardware
Software
Application
Operating System
Programming Languages
Windows Technology
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What is IT/ICT?
IT is concerned with technology to treat information.

Technology = the making, usage, and knowledge of tools,
machines, techniques, procedures, systems or methods of
organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function.
Information = data that is organized and meaningful.
Data = raw fact i.e. numbers, characters, unprocessed image.
IT = the {acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination} of
{vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information} by a
{microelectronics-based combination of computing and
telecommunications.}
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Information Technology
Information
Technology (IT) is "the study,

design, development, implementation,
support or management of information
systems".
Information technology is a general term
that describes any technology that helps
to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate
information.
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What is ICT?
Information Communications Technology (ICT)
covers any product that will store, retrieve,
manipulate, transmit or receive information
electronically in a digital form. For example,
personal computers, digital television, email,
robots.
ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval,
manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data.
It is also concerned with the way these different
uses can work with each other.
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The Importance of IT/ICT
essential ingredient in managing business

processes of most organizations
reduction in administration costs
improve staff productivity
assist in the design & manufacture of products
improve the efficiency of interactions with clients,
customers, suppliers & distribution outlets
create opportunities for new services, products &
business ventures
speed, efficiency, effectiveness & competitive
advantages
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IT Components
Process
Application
(software)
Hardware
that is used to get, create, arrange,

analyze and present the information in
various format including text, image,
audio and video.
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Process
The
ability to translate the information

needs, to analyze and present the
information and the ability to analyze
the process effectiveness.
It Includes techniques and activities that
involve design, development,
implementation and IT management.
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Application (Software)
Software
can be categorized into:
Curricular software
it is designed to educate students with
concepts and skills. The learning objective
is determine by the software.
Generic software
Software that is used to achieve various
learning objectives. Example: Word
processor, databases and multimedia
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Hardware
The
physical components of a
computer system
Includes all types of technology
hardware including computers,
scanner, modem, printers etc.
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Telecommunication devices
Wireless
Phone
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Walkie Talkie
Pager
Fax machine
Video Conferencing
Telegraph
Chatting software: Example IRC, Yahoo
Messenger
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Example of Telecommunication
Devices
CELULAR PHONE
PAGER
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Devices PDA
WALKIE TALKIE
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Devices
FAX MACHINE
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Devices
Computer
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Computer
An
electronic device or a
programmable machine that receives
inputs, stores and manipulates data
(retrieves and processes data), can be
programmed with instructions and
provides output in a useful format.
A computer is composed of hardware and
software, and can exist in a variety of
sizes and configurations.
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Computer
Monitor
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
Keyboard
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Types of Computer
Analog
Process physical data. Example:

Temperature, air pressure, electrical
Digital
Process data in binary ( 1 and 0)

Hybrid
Combination of analog and digital

computers
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Components of Computer
Central
Processing Unit (CPU)

Storage
Input Devices
Output Devices
Communication Devices
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU or the processor is the portion of a

computer system that carries out the instructions
of a computer program, and is the primary
element carrying out the computer's functions.
Manipulates raw data into a more useful form and
controls the other parts of the computer systems.
A microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable, clock driven, register based
device that takes input and provides output.
E.g. Intel Pentium, AMD Athlon, SUN UltraSparc
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Storage
A data storage device often called memory is a device

for recording (storing) information (data).
Primary Storage (main memory, internal memory)
Temporarily stores data and program instructions
during processing (volatile storage). Example RAM.
Secondary Storage (external memory)
Store data and programs when they are not being
used in processing. Example: HardDisk, Floppy
Disk, CD, DVD, Tape Drive, ROM, flash memory
(USB)
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Input Devices
Any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment)

used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system (such as a computer).
Convert data and instructions into electronic form for input
into the computer.
Example
Pointing devices (mouse, touch screen)
Source data automation (optical character recognition ~ Bar code,
magnetic ink character recognition)
Handwriting recognition (pen-based input ~ PDA, laptop mouse
pointing)
Keyboard, Scanner, sensor device
voice input device (Microphone)
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Output Devices
Any
piece of computer hardware equipment used

to communicate the results of data processing
carried out by an information processing system
(such as a computer) to the outside world.
Convert electronic data produced by the
computer system and display them into a form
that people can understand.
Example:Video Display Terminal (monitors),
Printers, plotters, speakers, headphone,
earphone.
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Communication Devices
Communication
is a process of
transferring information from one entity
to another.
Provide connections between the
computer and communication networks.
Example: Modem, Digital Camera,
HeadPhone/Telephony (conferencing),
radio/TV.
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Categories of Computers
Supercomputer
Mainframe
Midrange
(Minicomputers)
Microcomputers
Workstation
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Supercomputer
Highly
sophisticated and powerful computer

that can perform very complex computations
extremely rapidly.
Most powerful & expensive.
Used in scientific and military work, such as
classified weapons research and weather
forecasting.
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Mainframe
Largest
category of computer, used for major

business processing.
Intended to service multiple users
Capable of handling and processing very
large amounts of data quickly.
Used in large institutions such as
government, banks and large corporations.
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Midrange (Minicomputers)
A class of computer systems which fall in between
mainframe computers and microcomputers.
Capable of supporting the computing needs of
small organizations or of managing networks of
other computers such as in Universities, factories
and research laboratories as server to manage
organization computer network
E.g. Digital Equipment Corporation, HewlettPackard (HP3000 line), and Sun Microsystems
(SPARC Enterprise).
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Microcomputers
A computer
with a microprocessor as its

central processing unit
Also known as personal computer.
Physically small compared to mainframe and
mini.
E.g. desktop computers, laptop and notebook
computers, tablet PC, palmtop computers,
personal digital assistants (PDA's).
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Workstation
A high-end microcomputer designed for technical or

scientific applications.
Intended primarily to be used by one person at a
time, they are commonly connected to a local area
network and run multi-user operating systems.
Desktop computer with powerful graphics and
mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform
several complicated at once.
Used in scientific, engineering and design work
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Computer Hardware
Monitor
14, 15, 17 & 21

Keyboards- 108, 110, 114 keys,
Mouse,
Speaker,
Printer,
Scanner,
CD Drive,
CD Writer
Floppy A Drive
Joy Stick
Plotter
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Monitor
A monitor or display (sometimes called
a visual display unit) is an electronic
visual display for computers.
It comprises the display device,
circuitry, and an enclosure.
2 types of Monitor
CRT -Cathode Ray Tube (just like
television set
Flat Panel - Using TFT-LCD (thin
film transistor liquid crystal display,
or plasma display panel (pixel rely
on gas in the cell or plasma)
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Printers
a printer is a peripheral which

produces a hard copy
(permanent readable text
and/or graphics) of documents
stored in electronic form,
usually on physical print
media such as paper or
transparencies.
o
o
o
o
Dot matrix
Ink Jet
Laser Jet
Bubble Jet
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Software
The
collection of computer programs and

related data that provide the instructions
telling a computer what to do and how to do.
Complete instructions that control, manage
and support operational activities of computer
system.
3 basic functions:
a) manage computer systems data sources
b) create platforms & tools to use the data source
c) act as the middle-man between human and data source storage
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User
Application Software
System Software
Computer
Hardware
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Relationship between User, Application Software,

System Software and Computer Hardware
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Example of Computer Software

System
Software
Application Software
Firmware
Device Drivers
Middleware
Testware
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System Software
A computer
software designed to operate the

computer hardware and to provide and
maintain a platform for running application
software.
The most important types of system software
are:
The operating system

The computer BIOS and device firmware
Utility software
Computer Language Translation Programs
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Operating System
Allows the parts of a computer to work together by

performing tasks like transferring data between memory
and disks or rendering output onto a display device.
It also provides a platform to run high-level system
software and application software.
Manages and control the computers activities
Main functions of the operating system
Allocates and assigns system resources
Schedules the use of computer resources and computer job
Monitor computer system activities
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Example of Operating System

DOS
UNIX
OS/2
Macintosh
Windows
95/98/2000/NT/ME/XP
LindowsOS
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DOS
Disk
Operating System (DOS)

Operating system for older IBM and IBMcompatible PCs between 1981 and 1995.
Advantage:
Ease of use ~ user interface (command line
interface)
Disadvantage:
Do not support multitasking

Limits program use of memory to 640 kilobytes
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DOS
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UNIX
A computer
operating system originally

developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T
employees at Bell Labs.
Operating System for all types of computers,
which is machine independent and support
multi-user processing, multitasking and
networking.
widely used in both servers and workstations
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UNIX
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OS/2
Operating
system/2 created by Microsoft

and IBM for IBM PCS that can take
advantage of the 32-bit microprocessor.
Support multitasking and networking.
Has its own graphical user interface and
desktop and server version
Require memory intensive applications
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OS/2
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Macintosh
OS
for Apple Macintosh computer that

support multitasking.
The first commercially successful
personal computer to feature a mouse
and a graphical user interface.
Has access to the internet and has
powerful graphics and multimedia
capabilities.
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Macintosh System 1.1
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Mac OS 8.0
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Mac OS X Jaguar
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Microsoft Windows
A series
of software operating systems

and graphical user interfaces produced
by Microsoft.
Windows Operating System to control
and manage computer activities
Based on graphical user interface
easier to use
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List of Microsoft Windows

versions
1985 November 20 - Windows 1.01

1986 August - Windows 1.03
1986 May - Windows 1.02
1987 April - Windows 1.04
1987 December - Windows 2.03
1989 March - Windows 2.11
1992 August - Windows 3.1
1992 October - Windows for Workgroups 3.1
1993 August - Windows NT 3.1
1993 November - Windows for Workgroups 3.11
1993 October - Windows 3.2
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List of Microsoft Windows

versions (cont)
1994 September - Windows NT 3.5

1995 August - Windows 95
1995 June - Windows NT 3.51
1996 July - Windows NT 4.0
1998 June - Windows 98
2000 April - Windows Mobile
2000 February - Windows 2000
2000 June - Windows Me
2001 August - Windows XP
2003 April - Windows Server 2003
2006 November - Windows Vista
2008 February - Windows Server 2008
2009 July - Windows 7
Windows 8 (2012 ???)
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Windows 3.1
Introduced
graphical User Interface for

example Program manager
Based on windows- allowing few program in
their own windows.
Disadvantages:
Require high memory and storage
Operates only on computers with micro
processor 286, 2MB RAM and at least 10MB
hardisk.
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Windows 3.1
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Windows 95
Popular in mid 90s, used in personal PCs.

Most of the software is based on windows format
Using storage area of 80 MB, 8MB RAM and micro
processor at least 486 DX.
Using 32-bit operating system
Perform twice better than windows 3.1(16-bit)
Support multitasking
Support plug and play
Better GUI
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Windows 95
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Windows 98
32-bit
operating system that is closely

integrated with the Internet and that supports
multitasking, multithreading and networking
Faster and more integrated compare to
windows 95 with support for additional
hardware such as MMX, DVD.
The most visible features is integration of the
OS with Web browser software
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Windows 98
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Windows 2000
32-bit
operating system for PCs,

workstations and network servers.
Support multitasking, multiprocessing,
intensive networking and Internet
services for corporate computing.
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Windows 2000 Pro
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Windows ME
Microsoft
Windows ME (Millennium Edition)

Enhanced Windows Operating System for
consumer users featuring tools for working
with video, photos, music and home
networking.
Improved capabilities for safeguarding
critical files.
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Windows ME
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Windows NT
Microsoft
Windows NT (New
Technology)
Posses the same ability in UNIX such as
multi-user, multitasking and high security.
Suitable for high technology application,
graphic and animation.
Appropriate as server in a network.
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Windows NT 3.1
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Windows XP
Microsoft
Windows XP (Experience)
Reliable, robust operating system with

versions for both home and corporate
users.
Features support of internet and
multimedia and improved networking,
security and corporate management
capabilities
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Windows XP
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LindowsOS
Linspire,
previously known as LindowsOS, was a

commercial operating system based on Debian
GNU/Linux and later Ubuntu.
The first "Broadband OS"
Built to take full advantage of broadband
technology.
Designed to fully utilize the world of tomorrow,
where Internet connectivity is bountiful and
cheap, and computers are ubiquitous.
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LindowsOS
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The computer BIOS and device

firmware
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a standard defining a

firmware interface. It is built into the PC.
Firmware is a term often used to denote the fixed, usually rather
small, programs and data structures that internally control various
electronic devices. It provides basic functionality to operate and
control the hardware connected to or built into the computer.
The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating
system. When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is to
initialize and identify system devices such as the video display card,
keyboard and mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD drive and other hardware.
The BIOS then locates software held on a peripheral device
(designated as a 'boot device'), such as a hard disk or a CD, and
loads and executes that software, giving it control of the PC.
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The computer BIOS and device

firmware (example)
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Utility software
Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze,

configure, optimize and maintain the computer.
A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.
Example of utility softwares:
Disk storage utilities ~ manage the storage like HDD, FDD, CD

Disk defragmenters ~ detect computer files whose contents are broken across several locations on the
hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.
Disk partitions ~ divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives
Backup utilities ~ make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the entire disk or
selected files
Disk compression ~ compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
Anti-virus utilities ~ scan for computer viruses.
Registry cleaners ~ clean and optimize the Windows registry by removing old registry keys that are no
longer in use.
Network utilities ~ analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check data
transfer or log events.
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Computer Language Translation

Programs
Convert programming languages into machine language.
Programs written in high-level language such as COBOL, C

must be translated into machine language that the computer
can execute
The program in high-level language before translation is called
source code.
A compiler translates source code into machine code called
object code
But some programming language do not use complier, but use
an interpreter
Interpreter used to translate each source code statement one at
a time into machine code during execution and executes it. It is
a bit slow to execute since it translated one statement at a time.
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Compiler
Translates source code into machine code called object code.

Translates a high level language into an assembly or machine
language.
Examples include Ada, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN,
PL/I, C/C++.
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Interpreter
Translates a high level language into an assembly or machine

language.
Used to translate each source code statement one at a time into
machine code during execution and executes it.
Examples include Ada, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN,
PL/I, C/C++.
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Programming languages
An artificial language designed to express

computations that can be performed by a machine,
particularly a computer.
Programming languages can be used to create
programs that control the behavior of a machine, to
express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human
communication.
Many programming languages have some form of
written specification of their syntax (form) and
semantics (meaning).
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Programming languages (cont)
The syntax is the form or arrangement of symbols

and characters typical to a particular language.
Semantics deal with the meaning that a set of
characters convey when arranged in a particular way.
Programming languages can be divided into:
Low-level programming languages
High-level programming languages
Very high-level programming languages
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Low-level Programming
languages
A programming language that provides little or no
abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.

The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent amount
of abstraction between the language and machine
language; because of this, low-level languages are
sometimes described as being "close to the hardware."
Low-level programming languages are sometimes
divided into two categories:
first generation
second generation.
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First Generation Languages

The first-generation programming language, or
1GL also known as Machine Language, is machine
code.
It is the only language a microprocessor can
process directly without a previous transformation.
Using binary code ( 1 and 0 )
Programming in machine language is very slow,
labor-intensive process
Example : 1010 1101 8B54 2408 83FA 0077
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Second Generation Languages
2GL, is assembly language, developed in 1950s that resembles machine

language but substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes. ( example: load,
sum).
It is considered a second-generation language because while it is not a
microprocessor's native language, an assembly language programmer
must still understand the microprocessor's unique architecture (such as its
registers and instructions).
These simple instructions are then assembled directly into machine code.
The assembly code can also be abstracted to another layer in a similar
manner as machine code is abstracted into assembly code.
Difficult to read, debug and learn and costly in term of programmers time
Example:
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Example: Assembly Language

This assembler program changes the size of the computer cursor.
1. use any editor program to create the source file. Type the following lines:
; use ; to put comments in the assembler program
.MODEL SMALL
; memory model
.STACK
; memory space for program instructions in the stack
.CODE
; the following lines are program instructions
mov ah,1h
; moves the value 1h to register ah
mov cx,07h
;moves the value 07h to register cx
int 10h
;10h interruption
mov ah,4ch
;moves the value 4 ch to register ah
int 21h
;21h interruption
END
; finishes the program code
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2. Save the file in ASCII format with the following name: examp1.asm
3. Use the TASM program to build the object program.
Example:
C:\>tasm exam1.asm
Turbo Assembler Version 2.0 Copyright (c) 1988, 1990 Borland International
Assembling file: exam1.asm
Error messages: None
Warning messages: None
Passes: 1
Remaining memory: 471k
The TASM can only create programs in .OBJ format, which are not executable by
themselves, but rather it is necessary to have a linker which generates the
executable code.
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4. Use the TLINK program to build the executable program example:
C:\>tlink exam1.obj
Turbo Link Version 3.0 Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Borland International
C:\>
Where exam1.obj is the name of the intermediate program, .OBJ. This generates a
file directly with the name of the intermediate program and the .EXE extension.
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5. Execute the executable program
C:\>exam1[enter]
Remember, this assembler program changes the size of the cursor.
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High-level Programming
languages
A programming language with strong abstraction from the
details of the computer.

It may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be
more portable across platforms.
Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such as
memory access models and management of scope.
It makes the language user-friendly.
Can be divided into:
3rd Generation language
4th Generation language
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3rd Generation Language

Specify
instructions as brief statements

that are more like natural language than
assembly language.
Easier to write and understand in
comparison of assembly language.
More user friendly
Example: FORTRAN, COBOL,BASIC,
Pascal Lisp and C
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Example: BASIC (source code)

Syntax:
PROGRAM Hello
! Example
Print "Hello World" ! Hello world will be printed on the screen
END
Semantics: Hello World
===============================================================
PROGRAM product
! Another example
LET m = 2
LET a = 4
LET force = m*a
PRINT force
END
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! mass in kilograms
! acceleration in mks units
! force in Newtons
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Example: C++ Language

int main ()
{
cout << " Hello World!";
return 0;
}
// prints Hello World!
=============================================
int main () = the beginning of the definition of the main function (all C++ programs
start their execution).
{ = opening the function
cout << "Hello World!"; = This line is a C++ statement/expression
} = closing the function
// = comments
return 0; = The return statement causes the main function to finish.
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Example: COBOL Language

Syntax:
DISPLAY "Good Morning".
STOP RUN
Semantics:
Good Morning
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4th generation Languages
A programming language that can be employed directly by end user

or less skilled programmers to develop computer applications more
rapidly than conventional programming languages (nonprocedural or
less).
Use for the development of commercial business software
Seven categories of 4th generation languages
Query languages
Report generators
Graphics languages
Application generators
Very high level programming languages
Application software packages
PC tools
E.g. LINC (Logic and Information Network Compiler), Oracle Express

4GL.
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Very High-level Programming

languages
A programming language with a very high level of abstraction,
used primarily as a professional programmer productivity tool.

Very high-level programming languages are usually limited to a
very specific application, purpose, or type of task.
For this reason, very high-level programming languages are
often referred to as goal-oriented programming languages.
Example: 5th Generation Language
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5th Generation Languages

A programming
language based around

solving problems using constraints given
to the program, rather than using an
algorithm written by a programmer.
Used mainly in artificial intelligence
research.
E.g. Prolog, OPS5 (Official Production
System), and Mercury
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Application software
Also known as an application, is computer software

designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple
related specific tasks.
Examples include enterprise software, accounting software,
office suites, graphics software and media players.
Application software that we will learn in this class
Word Processor (Microsoft Word)

Electronic Spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel)
Database (Microsoft Access)
Graphic presentation
Presentation (Microsoft Power Point)
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Word Processor
A computer application used for the production and

manipulating (including composition (creating), editing,
formatting, deleting, saving and possibly printing) of any
sort of printable material (e.g. memo, letters, report,
etc.)
Advantages (in comparison with type writer)
Save time and efficient to create documents
More flexible in term of deleting, and editing the content
Used in
Business
Personal
Educationetc
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Electronic spreadsheet
A computer application that simulates a paper, accounting

worksheet, which manipulates lines and numbers and to do
calculation and is used to create charts, graph and table.
It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting
of rows and columns, each cell containing alphanumeric text,
numeric values or formula.
A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated
from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each
time any cell is updated.
Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information
because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet
automatically after a change to a single cell is made.
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Database
Consists of an organized collection of related data for one or more

uses, typically in digital form.
Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this
data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization
Advantages:
Data consistency
More information from the same amount of data
Sharing of data
Improved data integrity
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Economy of scale
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Graphic Presentation
A computer
program that allows users to

compose and edit graphics images and
pictures interactively on a computer and
save them in one of many popular vector
graphics formats, such as EPS, PDF,
WMF, SVG, or VML .
Animation
Example: Corel Draw, Photoshop.
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Firmware
Low-level software often stored on electrically programmable

memory devices.
Fixed, usually small programs and data structures that internally
control various electronic devices.
Examples of devices containing firmware range from end-user
products such as remote controls or calculators, through computer
parts and devices like hard disks, keyboards, TFT screens or
memory cards, all the way to scientific instrumentation and
industrial robotics.
Also more complex consumer devices, such as mobile phones,
digital cameras, synthesizers, etc., contain firmware to enable the
device's basic operation as well as implementing higher-level
functions.
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Device Drivers
A device
driver or software driver is a computer

program allowing higher-level computer
programs to interact with a hardware device.
Control parts of computers such as disk drives,
printers, CD drives, or computer monitors.
Acts as a translator between a hardware device
and the applications or operating systems that
use it.
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Middleware
Computer software that connects software

components or applications.
Controls and co-ordinates distributed systems which
includes web servers, application servers, and similar
tools that support application development and
delivery.
Examples include EAI (Enterprise Application
Integration) software, telecommunications software,
transaction monitors, and messaging-and-queueing
software.
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Middleware
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Testware
Software
for testing hardware or a

software package.
Example use of testware: Web testing, environment & compatibility
testing, performance testing
Functional testing, scalability testing, test
automation, load and stress testing
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IT in Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Latest in cost efficiency- including labor cost,

transportation, communication
Increment in business performance virtual
marketing and globalization, Sharing of information
Global marketing- E-commerce, E-business
Increment in customer satisfaction
Increment in share market
Low margin cost
Increment in quality- products and services
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The Importance of Computer

Efficiency
and effectiveness in information

management
Business management
Education purposes
Borderless world
Military
Entertainment
Finance and banking
Town planning
Publication
Graphic and animation
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The Problems of Computer
Computer crime
Hackers
Illegal downloading
Hard to manage
Computer broke down
Gap between humans
Less communication among people
Secluded in their rooms
Privacy and confidentiality
Personal information can be revealed easily
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Review
Introduction
IT & ICT
Computer
Hardware
Software
Application
Operating System
Windows Technology
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CHAPTER ONE (1)

completing this chapter you will be able to:-

Describe the evolution of Information Technology and

IT is concerned with technology to treat information.

Technology (IT) is "the study,

The Importance of IT/ICT

essential ingredient in managing business

that is used to get, create, arrange,

ability to translate the information

can be categorized into:

Process physical data. Example:

Process data in binary ( 1 and 0)

Combination of analog and digital

Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU or the processor is the portion of a

A data storage device often called memory is a device

Any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment)

piece of computer hardware equipment used

sophisticated and powerful computer

category of computer, used for major

with a microprocessor as its

A high-end microcomputer designed for technical or

14, 15, 17 & 21

a printer is a peripheral which

collection of computer programs and

Relationship between User, Application Software,

Example of Computer Software

software designed to operate the

The operating system

Allows the parts of a computer to work together by

Example of Operating System

Operating System (DOS)

Do not support multitasking

operating system originally

system/2 created by Microsoft

for Apple Macintosh computer that

Macintosh System 1.1

of software operating systems

List of Microsoft Windows

1985 November 20 - Windows 1.01

List of Microsoft Windows

1994 September - Windows NT 3.5

graphical User Interface for

Popular in mid 90s, used in personal PCs.

operating system that is closely

operating system for PCs,

Windows 2000 Pro

Windows ME (Millennium Edition)

Reliable, robust operating system with

previously known as LindowsOS, was a

The computer BIOS and device

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a standard defining a

The computer BIOS and device

Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze,

Disk storage utilities ~ manage the storage like HDD, FDD, CD

Computer Language Translation

Programs written in high-level language such as COBOL, C

Translates source code into machine code called object code.

Translates a high level language into an assembly or machine

An artificial language designed to express

Programming languages (cont)

The syntax is the form or arrangement of symbols