Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
This session should get you off to a good start
revision techniques
For each study unit, learn the meaning of relevant key
words in Course Handbook
For topics requiring a lot of factual recall e.g. organic
chemistry, and group chemistry, learn the basic facts
first.
Make use of spider diagrams (for organic) and
revision cards (for group chemistry) to do this.
Copies supplied today
Dont forget to learn tests for ions for paper 3B.
Self assessment questions on s-block, group 7 and
tests for ions are included in todays pack
Relative abundance
A = 15
D = 57
E = 72
m/e
a ketone, X
Identify the peak caused by the molecular ion
Suggest the formulae of the fragmented ions which
give the peaks at m/e values of 15, 29, 43 and 57.
Deduce the structural formula of X
Alkanes
CH
methane
C O 2 + H 2O
carbon dioxide + water
(incomplete combustion gives carbon monoxide
and/or carbon instead of carbon dioxide)
, CCl
Alkenes
CH
CH
propane
3
CH
CH 3 CH BrCH
1,2-dibromopropane
CH
3 CH
CH
heat, pressure,
catalysts
(polymerisation)
CH 3 CHBr
2-bromopropane
OH
H
CH
CH
poly(propene)
Br
propene
CH 3 CH OHCH
propane-1,2-diol
CH
CH
Alcohols
CH 3 CH 2 CH
1-chloropropane
Cl
CH 3 CH 2 CH
1-bromopropane
CH
3 CH
2 CH
propan-1-ol
CH
propene
CH
Br
2 OH
acidified K
heat (mild oxidation)
CH
CH 3 CH
1-iodopropane
CH
Cr 2 O
7
CH
CH 2 CH O
propanal
3
xs acidified K
heat under reflux
CH
CH OH CH
propan-2-ol
3
acidified K
heat
2 Cr 2 O 7
CH 3 C OC H
propanone
Cr 2 O
CH 3 CH 2 C O 2 H
propanoic acid
Halogenoalkanes
CH
CH
propene
CH
CH 3 CH 2 CH
1-iodopropane
CH
CH 2 CH
propylamine
3
NH
CH
CH 2 CH
propan-1-ol
OH
CH
CH 2 CH
butanenitrile
CN
2I
CH3CH2CN
CH2 CH2
CH2BrCH2Br
CH3CH2NH2
CH2 CH2
Answer
CH 3 CH
iodopropane
2I
ethanolic KOH
heat under reflux
CH
ethene
CH
Br
inert solvent
CH 2 Br CH
1,2-dibromethane
Br
ethene
CH
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br ethanolic KOH
heat, reflux
1-bromopropane
CH 3 CHI CH
2-iodopropane
aqueous KOH
heat, reflux
HBr(aq)
CH 3 CH
bromoethane
CH 3 CH CH
propene
CH 3 CHOH CH
propan-2-ol
2B
CH 3 CH
propanenitrile
ethanolic KCN
heat, reflux
Br
inert solvent
CH 3 CH BrCH
1,2-dibromopropane
acidified K
heat
2 Cr 2 O 7
CN
2B
CH 3 C OC H
propanone
3 CH
ethanol
CH
CH
ethanol
3
2 OH
OH
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH
propan-1-ol
conc H
heat
SO
CH
CH
ethene
red P, I
heat, reflux
CH 3 CH
iodoethane
acidified K
heat
Cr 2 O
Br
inert solvent
CH 2 BrCH
1,2-dibromoethane
ethanolic NH
heat, sealed tube
CH 3 CH 2 CH O xs acidified K
heat under reflux
propanal
CH 3 CH
ethylamine
Cr 2 O
2B
N H
CH 3 CH 2 C O 2 H
propanoic acid
Thermochemical calculations
Enthalpy of formation from enthalpy
of combustion data
Enthalpy change for any reaction
from enthalpy of formation data
Estimating enthalpy change from bond
enthalpy data
Thermochemical experiments
Calculate energy released / gained for
Bonding - Covalent
A covalent bond is the electrostatic
structures have
relatively low m.p.s and
b.p.s
Substances with big
molecules e.g.
polythene soften on
heating as chains move
over each other
Shapes of Molecules
Electron-pair repulsion theory - electron
SILICON
DIOXIDE
Bonding - Ionic
An ionic bond is the electrostatic force of
attraction between oppositely charged ions,
formed as a result of complete electron transfer.
Strong ionic bonds throughout
High m.p. & b.p.
Good electrical conductors when
ClGIANT IONIC
STRUCTURE
Bonding - Metallic
Metallic bonds are the electrostatic forces of attraction
between the cations in a metallic lattice and the
delocalised valence electrons that surround them.
Malleable bonds non-directional
GIANT METALLIC
STRUCTURE
Dipole-dipole attractions
These are the electrostatic forces of
Hydrogen Bonds
This is the electrostatic force of attraction
Polarisation of anions
This leads to some covalent character in compounds
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
Number of
molecules
with a
particular
energy
Temperature T1
Higher Temperature T2
Lower activation energy
Fraction
of
at
Fraction
of molecules
molecules with
at temp
temp T
T12
if catalyst
present
required
activation
energy
is now
with
activation
energy
is
with required
required
activation
energy
is
much
bigger
at
either
proportional
proportional to
to the
the shaded
shaded area
area
temperature
under
under red
bluecurve
curve much bigger
Kinetic Energy
E a'
2Al(s) +1O2(g)
Aluminium is
Aluminium
is
Aluminium
oxide
is
kinetically
stable
thermodynamically
unstable
thermodynamically
relative tooxide
relative to
aluminium
stable
relative to
its
aluminium
oxide
constituent elements
H = 1676 kJ mol-1
Al2O3(s)
Applied change
Remove some
ammonia to decrease
its concentration
Decrease the
temperature
Effect on position of
equilibrium
Increase total
pressure.
Moves in direction to
produce fewer gas
molecules.
Increase
temperature.
Moves in
endothermic
direction.
Add a catalyst.
No effect.
Increase
concentration of
a reactant.
Moves in favour of
products.
Industrial Examples
Be able to apply the principles of kinetics and equilibria
H = -92 kJ mol-1
H = -950 kJ mol-1
cards
Review learning of halogens now
Check learning using self-assessment
questions and answers
Learn Tests for Ions for Paper 3B
CO bonds in anion
End of Presentation
Further independent
use of pack could
include:
S-Block Metals
Halogens
Chlor-Alkali Industry
Moles (further practice)
Tests for ions
Atomic Structure FAQs