Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Certificate
Element 4 Part 1
Elements of a Structure
a. A member forming part of a structural frame of a
building or any other beam or column
b. A load bearing wall or load bearing part of a wall
c. A floor
d. A gallery
e. An external wall
f. A compartment wall
Timber
Structural Steel
Non-combustible
Steel expansion causes buckling can
affect stability of building
Steel looses strength in a fire
Sheet Materials
Fibre board can be fire resistant if
impregnated
Plaster boards retard fire spread
Plywood/chipboard depends on
properties of wood
Plastic has little fire resistance
Glass breaks unless wired or tempered
Lining Materials
Mostly non-combustible
Some older types may contain wood dust
Plaster (calcium hydroxide) has good fire
resistance
Consider:
Design
Materials
Compartmentation
Shafts
Concealed spaces (cavities)
Protection of openings and fire stopping
Compartmentation
To prevent fire, heat, and smoke from spreading beyond locations of origination
Building elements such as fire walls, fire dampers, and fire doors, are designed
to seal off one location from the next.
Increases the safety by allowing evacuating building occupants because smoke
and fire are not able to escape into exit passageways.
Containment of fire and smoke reduces property damage and prevents small
fires from growing.
In order for compartmentation efforts to be effective
fire barriers must be maintained
Compartmentation
30 min fire resistance
Maintains building
structure
Allows sufficient time to
escape
Minimises destruction
Assists firefighting
To prevent fire, heat, and smoke from spreading
beyond locations of origination.
Cavity Barriers
Means Of Escape
Structural means forming an integral part of the
building whereby persons can escape from fire
by their own unaided efforts to a place of safety
Consider structure, travel, fire, place of
safety.
Main principles BS5588 and Acops and The
Building Regulations 2000
Occupancy
Construction
Time of evacuation
Exits
Travel Distance
Management
Escape Routes
Stairways, corridors and areas near the
fire exits should be kept clear of
obstructions and material which can catch
fire.
The escape route should lead to a final exit
and a safe place.
If the stairway is not protected, the travel
distance should be in line with those for
single escape routes and the final exit
should be easy to see and get to from the
stairway at ground-floor level.
High-risk rooms should not generally open
directly into a fire-protected stairway.
Alternate means of escape usually
Emergency Lighting
Aim
To indicate clearly the escape route
Illuminate routes to allow safe movement
To ensure call points and equipment can be located
Consider natural light - day/night
Siting
Escape route lighting
Open area lighting anti-panic lighting
High risk lighting
Different types
Maintained
Sustained
Self contained
Low level lighting
Testing Daily, Monthly, 6 monthly
Signage
The H&S (Safety Signs & Signal) Regs 96
Two types- EC Pictorial & BS5449 Pictorial and
words
Types Include Directional arrows, equipment, alarms, assembly points
Fire Doors
BS 476
Does not obstruct route when open
Self closing with smoke stops
Three hinge, Colour coded rawl plugs. i.e FD 30/30
Width 850 if more than 50 persons
Smoke sealed intumescent strips
30 minutes fire resistance
Easily opened and in direction of travel
Magnetic hold-backs are okay
Final exit to unobstructed place of safety
Never locked
Have visibility panels
45 degree rule
Roller shutters should be capable of manual operation
Amount 60=1 600=2 More than 600=3
Place of Safety
Fire Detection
Smoke Detection
Optical or ionisation
Optical detects obscuration of light by smoke
Ionisation detects by change in electrical charge
Heat Detection
Fixed rate or temperature rise
Used where there is heat under normal conditions (kitchens)
Flame Detection
Infra-red or ultra-violet
Usually used with other types
Heat Detector
Flame Detector
A flame detector is designed to detect ultraviolet
(UV) or infra-red (IR) radiation emitted by fire.
Dual IR flame detectors are sensitive to lowfrequency, flickering infra-red radiation.
Detector can operate even if the lens is
contaminated by a layer of oil, dust, water
vapour or ice.
Flame detectors are effective in protecting areas
where flaming fires may be expected.
Alarm Systems
Components
Automatic detector
Spot (static)
Line (linear heat laid around an area)
Beam (of light IR large areas)
Sampling (pipe work pulling air through a
detector)
Scanning (moving/sweeping a large area)
Alarm Signalling
Objective to warm occupants of a fire situation
One sounder located near the control panel on a
separate circuit
Sounders should sound similar to avoid confusion
Minimum of 65db in general areas or 5 db above
background noise.
High noise areas visual indication may be required.
Sleeping 75db at bedhead (30 db should be allowed per door
so sounder per bedroom is recommended)
Life Risk
Process Risk
Behavioural issues
Social Behaviour Minimising false Alarms (unwanted
alarms, Equipment false alarms malicious alarms)
Requirements for
Maintenance & Testing
RRFSO 2005 States equipment & devices are subject to