Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr Yan Zhuge
CIVE3011 Structural
Analysis and Computer
Applications
1
Introduction
Elastic analysis
Statically determinate
analysed by statics alone
statically indeterminate
analysed by statics and compatibility
Introduction (Cont.)
Plastic analysis
This analysis is based on finding the
collapse load of the structure. This
requires a knowledge of what
happens at collapse and how the
structure behaves when the stresses
in the material exceed the elastic
limit
3
Introduction (Cont.)
This Module:
We will develop the principles of
plastic theory which are widely used
in the analysis and design of steel
structures.
Fundamental concepts of
plastic behaviour
Stress-strain curve for
mild steel
uts
yu
y
Failure
Strain
hardening
(slope 0.04E)
Plastic
(slope = 0)
Elastic
(slope = E)
0.0012
0.014
0.2
Strain
5
Collapse of structures
Any structure can be made to collapse by
applying a load of sufficient magnitude
A structure may collapse by one or a
combination of
elastic buckling
instability of one or more members
plastic collapse
formation of plastic hinges
Bending moment
Elastic behaviour
c
c = E
Neutral Axis
t
Cross section
Strain
t
Stress
7
Partially plastic
Bending moment
Neutral Axis
y
y (yield strain)
Strain
Stress
8
Full plasticity
Collapse load
Bending moment
Wc = Ww
WcL/4 = Mp
Plastic hinge
Mp
Wc = 4Mp/L
c
Neutral Axis
Full plasticity
t
Strain
The zone of plasticity will spread from the outer
fibres towards the centre of the section
Cross section
y
Stress
9
Full plasticity
At this stage, the section has reached
its full moment capacity as there is
NO more stress capacity available to
develop any additional moment of
resistance within the section.
What do you think will happen to the
beam?
The beam will collapse!!
10
C
d
Neutral Axis
b
Rectangular
Cross section
T
t
Strain
C = T = 0.5 bd y
d
d bd
d bd
d
MP C T
y y
4
4
2
4 2
4
bd 2
Mp
y
M p Z p y
4
y
Stress
C A1 y
C T
Equilibrium of the
cross-section
A1 y A2 y
What does this
equation tell you?
A1 A2
M p M p1 M p 2 M p 3 M p 4
x
d t
M p1 C1 ( )
2 2
M p 3 T3 (
C1 bt y
d
d 2t
) T3 z ( t ) y
2
4
M p2
d 2t
C2 (
)
4
d t
M p 4 T4 ( )
2 2
d
C2 z ( t ) y
2
T4 bt y
13
Asymmetric sections
Asymmetric sections don not yield simultaneously at
the top and bottom of the section. The neutral axis
moves as yield spreads through the section from the
centroid before yield, to the axis that bisects the cross
sectional area.
Can you identify the position
of the plastic neutral axis?
20 mm above the base.
Calculate the fully plastic
moment of the section?
Take y = 275 N/mm2
14
15
2
bd
z
M p' M p
y ( )2
4
d
z2
M M p b( ) y
3
'
p
Collapse mechanisms
Statically Determinate
Statically Indeterminate
complete collapse
n>r+1
over collapse
19
w. = MP
over all loads
20
Additional
hinge
no collapse
Collapse
load
EWD wc wcL / 2
IWD 4 M p
wc
8M p
L
21
22
a tan = ab tan =
b
a/b
Apply
the method of virtual work
w = Mp
Wc = 2 Mp()
Wc a = 2 Mp(a/b)
Wc = 2MpL/ab
23
Mp
2Wc
L/3
L/3
3Wc
Mp
L/3
Mp
2
Mp
W M
3Wc
2Wc
W M
L
L
2Wc 2 5 2 M p
3
3
1.875M p
Wc
L
OR
M p 0.533Wc L
3Wc
L
L
2Wc 2 M p
3 2
3
1.714 M p
Wc
L
OR
M p 0.583Wc L
24
Mp
C
IWD= 4Mp
WD=2 x work done by load on AB
L L
2[ wc
wcL2/4 = 4Mp
wc = 16Mp/L2
Mp
Location of plastic
hinge?
W M
Total Load Wc
Mp
Lx
x
x
Lx
Wc
W
2x
x.x c l x x M p
1
L
2 L
2
Lx
2( L x)
Wc M p
x( L x)
Mp
26
Contd.
We need to determine the value of x to minimise Wc
There are two basic approaches
Mathematical ie. To minimise Wc
Graphically - Plot values of Wc against sensible values
of x
Wc
Wc
0
x
x 0.414 L
Wc 11.657
Mp
0.3L
0.4 L
0.5L
0.6 L x
L
27
Continuous beam
Each span may have a different plastic
moment
At a support, the plastic hinge forms at the
plastic moment of the weaker member
Each span must be checked individually
and the span with the lowest collapse load
determines the collapse the whole beam
28
5 kN
Mp
2m
Mp
1m
3m
Contd.
2 kN/m
5 kN
Mechanism 1
Wc = Ww
2m
1m
3m
Same as example 3
w = Mp
Wc =W = 16 Mp/L2
= 16Mp/2x22=2Mp
30
Contd.
2 kN/m
5 kN
Mechanism 2
2m
W M
1m
3m
5 M p 2 M p
5x3 M p 2 M p (3 ) 7 M p
7
M p 0.47 M p
15
is 0.47Mp,
corresponding to the second collapse mechanism.
31