CAESAR II Dynamics Training

Instructor: Chris Bradshaw

Tuesday, 09 April 2013

Welcome

Welcome to the CAESAR II Dynamics Training course

Exits
Toilets
Mobile Phones

Agenda
09:30
Course Start
11:00
Break
13:00
Lunch
15:00
Break
16:30 17:00 Course Finish

CAESAR II

Developed since 1984

Worlds most common pipe stress analysis software (80%+ Market share)
Static and Dynamic Capabilities
Developed by COADE; based in Houston, TX USA
Interface with Intergraph Smart Plant 3D & CADWorx
Over 30 Design codes
Structural steel modeller included
Automatically generate ISOGEN stress isometrics
Additional modules for local stress analysis such as WRC 107/297, API 610 and more all
included

COADE

Developers of CAESAR II since 1984

Based in Houston TX
Other COADE Products:

CADWorx

CAESAR II

Industry standard pipe stress and flexibility analysis software

Over 30 design codes

PVElite

AutoCAD based 3D Plant Design

Plant and P&ID Capabilities

Pressure Vessel analysis software

ASME VII Div 1 and 2, EN-13445, PD5500

TANK

Tank Design and analysis software

Design and evaluate tanks to API 650/653

Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis Solutions

COADE was acquired by Intergraph in January 2010

Renamed Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis Solutions (ICAS)
All COADE Staff retained
New staff brought in for support to allow developers to concentrate on developing software
eCustomer system introduced for technical support

Virtual Machines

The course is run on a Virtual Machine. This is to ensure that all machines are identical
Virtual Machine runs inside the host machine.
CAESAR II is licensed by the green ESL plugged into the USB port of the machine.
Generally you will see no effects, except:

If you accidentally close the Virtual Machine you will return to the host machine
If you wish to copy any of your training files (e.g. onto a flash drive) you may need to connect the flash
drive to the Virtual instead of the host (this may be automatic)
The ESL may need to be connected to the Virtual Machine.
Your instructor will show you how to do this if necessary

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF PIPING

SYSTEMS
A Brief Introduction

Dynamic Analysis of Piping Systems

Dynamic Load Changes quickly with time

Forces and moments not always resolved
Unbalanced loads = pipe movement
Sum of forces and moments != 0 means the internally induced loads can be different (higher
or lower) than applied loads

Dynamic Loads on a system depends on the relationship

between the timing of the load vs. the timing of the system
Static Loads

Dynamic Loads

Load varies slowly, or does not vary, with time

(Weight, thermal expansion, settlement, spring loads etc.)

Load varies quickly with time

(Earthquake, fluid hammer, vibration, relief valve etc.)

System (internal forces and restraint loads) always had

time to fully react to the applied load

System (internal forces and restraint loads) may not have

time to fully react to the applied load before it changes

System is always in equilibrium (sum of forces and

moments on system are zero)

System is not in equilibrium (sum of forces and moments

on system are not zero)

With no unbalanced forced, system remains at rest

With unbalanced forces, system moves, according to F =

MA

Induced system reactions (internal forces and restraint

loads) are equal to applied loads

Induced system reactions (internal forces and restraint

loads) are not equal to applied loads, and may be much
higher or lower.

Types of Load

Random
Wind

Seismic

Types of Load

Harmonic

Types of Load

Harmonic
Equipment Vibration
Pulsation
Flow Induced Vibration

Types of Load

Impulse
Relief Valve
Fluid Hammer
Slug Flow

Example
Consider the following System:

Restraint Loads respond fully

to any imposed load in 25ms

Example
apply
System
Requires
25ms
to fully respond
a load
P to this
system
for duration of 5ms, and apply this load every 10ms
Load is applied for 1/5 of that time
Applied Load Profile
Total system response is 1/5 imposed load
P

before restraints can react, load has been removed

Induced loads 9and therefore
forces, moments and stresses are also 1/5 than a static load of
Force
same magnitude
0

10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35

Time (milliseconds)

For this applied load profile, the restraint loads would follow a force vs. time profile
0

10

Time (milliseconds)
15
20

25

30

-P
Total System Reaction
(R1 + R2)

Expected Static Response

System Response
-P

35

40

Example

Now consider identical system, except the restraint loads respond fully in 1ms rather than
25ms.
For the same imposed load (duration 5ms occurring every 10ms) the system response would
be
Time (milliseconds)

Total
System
Reaction
(R1 + R2)

Expected
Static
Response

-P

System Response

This system response is close to the applied load.

Example

The pertinent question then is what is fast and what is slow.

There is no answer here the important thing is the relative response time of the system vs.
the rate of change of the applied load.

What if we had applied the load for 25ms duration?

The system would have sufficient time to respond to the applied load
The response would be the same as a static load

In fact, a static load is simply a dynamic load with a sufficient duration so that all systems can
respond fully to it.

This leads us to two observations

When a system responds slowly to the applied loads, the induced reaction loads are much lower than
the applied loads.
When a system responds rapidly to applied loads, the induced reaction loads are approximately the
same as those which would occur under the same static load.

But what happens when the system response is somewhere in between?

Example

Consider the systems described previously (i.e. with response times of 1ms and 25ms), this
time loaded with a harmonic load, cycling between P and P, with a frequency of 1 cycle per
25ms

The system with 25ms response time lags behind and fails to fully develop response loads
P

Applied
Load

Force

Time

Developed
Response
(R1 + R2)

-P

The second system with 1ms response time responds almost instantly and just about
responds fully
P
Applied
Load
Force

-P

Time

Developed
Response
(R1 + R2)

Example

Now consider a system which has a response time somewhere in between about 12.5ms.

Upon initial loading, the system initially attempts to respond to the load P, with restraint loads
equal to -P/2. Since the system lags, it does not fully develop these restraint loads, but after
12.5ms, will have a total system response of somewhere around -0.7P. Considering the
cyclic load, the applied load on the system will be P (at 12.5ms). This results in a net load
of (-0.7P) + (-P) = -1.7P:
P

0
Applied Load
Developed Response
Net System Load
(Applied + Developed)

-P

Example

The system now attempts to resolve the net load of -1.7P with two restraint loads of +0.85P.
Assuming that at time T=25ms, these loads have actually only reached +0.6P (due to the
response lag), or a total of +1.2P, the external load will now be +P, so the net system load will
be +2.2P as shown below:

2P

-P

Applied Load
Developed Response
Net System Load
(Applied + Developed)

Example

This net load will then be resisted by total restraint loads (system response) of -2.2P, which
will have reached approximately -1.5P by T=37.5ms,
At which time the load will have reversed again, creating a net load on the system of -2.5P.
Continuing in this way, the net load on the system will be approximately 2.8P at 50ms, -3.0P
at 62.5ms, 3.1P at 75ms, and so forth. The total developed load (total restraint loads) is
shown as a function of time in the figure below.

This may continue until the developed load spirals out of control and the
structure fails

Example

From this example, it is clear that there is a third possibility for a system response under dynamic
loading the induced load may far exceed the applied load.

As can be seen, system response loads (reactions, internal forces and moments, etc.) are not
necessarily equal and opposite to the applied dynamic loads, so the net sum of the forces and
moments acting on the system are something other than zero
This means that the system does not meet the laws of static equilibrium, and cannot be solved
using traditional static solution methods.

Since the sum of the forces and moments acting on a dynamically loaded system may not be
zero, there may be unbalanced loads acting on the system.
According to Newtons laws of motion, an unbalanced force on a system results in motion, due to
the acceleration expressed by F=MA.

This information is useful in identifying problems due to dynamic loads a simple rule of thumb
states that if the piping system is moving, it is being subjected to a dynamic load.

The system response loads may be quite different to dynamically applied external loads. The
response can be classified by calculating the ratio of system response to applied loads (or
expected response for a static load of same magnitude)
This is called the Dynamic Load Factor (DLF)

Dynamic Load Factor (DLF)

DLF

the DLF for an instantaneously applied constant load (not a harmonic load) is always
exactly 2.0. This is easily proven by equating work done by a weight while compressing a
spring with the energy stored by the compressed spring:

or;

Where

= weight
= spring compression
= Spring stiffness

Note: The force in the spring is KX which, equal to 2W is exactly twice the static
load, for a DLF of 2.0. Remember that this is for an instantaneously applied
constant load, not a harmonic load.

DLF

3 Options:

Flexible System DLF < 1

Rigid System
DLF = 1
Resonant System DLF > 1

1 Load:
Arm swing
1 system
- Swing
3 Systems:
1. Rope
2. Fishing Rod
3. Cricket Bat

Rope = Flexible response

DLF <1
Fishing Rod = Resonant response
DLF > 1
Bat = Rigid Response
DLF = 1
3 Loads:
1. Slap on the back
2. Slow Walk behind
3. Proper push

: Flexible
: Rigid
: Resonant

The important thing here is the timing, or more accurately,

The RELATION of the system characteristics vs. the load characteristics

Harmonic response

Imagine a single Degree of Freedom oscillator

Harmonic response

2 solutions to this equation:

=0
Or
=0

This is the eigenvalue

Harmonic response

Resonant Response