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DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER

LINE (DSL)
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WHAT ARE BROAD BAND


SERVICES ?

Services
requiring
transmission
channels capable of supporting rates
greater than the primary rates are called
Broadband Services.

PROBLEMS IN EXISTING
NETWORKS (PSTN,ISDN)
1 Bandwidth Limitation
Analog Modem Connections are limited to 56K
Basic Rate ISDN limited to 144 Kbps
2

Switch Congestion
Voice calls are usually short (say 5 min)
Data calls are usually long(may be 120 mins.)
Flat Charge /Low Charging by ISPs intends
users for long internet usage.
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DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE


- AN OVERVIEW
What

is X DSL?

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology


for bringing high-bandwidth information to
homes and small businesses over ordinary
copper telephone lines

A DSL line can carry both data and voice


signals and the data part of the line is
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continuously connected

One may be able to receive data at rates


up to 6.1 Mbps (millions of bits) per
second (of a theoretical 8.448 megabits
per second), enabling continuous
transmission of motion video, audio, and
even 3-D effects

More typically, individual connections


provide from 1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps
downstream and about 128 Kbps
upstream

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

Frequency Range

300 Hz to 3.3 kHz - Analog Voice

4 kHz to 1.1 MHz - ADSL Data

Public
Telephone
Network

Voice
Switch

56 kbps
Analog

Internet

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Public Telephone

Network

DSL
Access
Multiplexe
r

Telephone Line
6Mbps

Customer
Premises

DSL

Central Office

Internet

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Bell

DSL BASICS

Labs, in the 30s, determined that most speech


energy lay in the frequency range below 3500 Hz
Thus, for faithful reproduction of speech, only a
narrow range of frequencies (0-3500 Hz), needs to
be transmitted

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The telephone networks are designed to


pass frequencies in the range
300 3400 Hz
DSL uses a much broader range of
frequencies than the voice channel
Using POTS transmission guidelines
instead of the higher frequenciesWHY?

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Crosstalk:
Crosstalk

The electrical energy


transmitted across the copper wire
line as a modulated signal also
radiates energy onto adjacent copper
wire loops which are located in the
same cable bundle

Near End Crosstalk(NEXT) is the

most significant because the highenergy signal from an adjacent


system can induce relatively
significant crosstalk into the
primary signal
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Far End Crosstalk, FEXT, is


typically less of an issue because
the far end interfering signal is
attenuated as it traverses the loop
Attenuation: The use of higher
frequencies to support higherspeed services results in shorter
loop
reach
because
high
frequency
signals
attenuate
energy faster than the lower
frequency signals
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HOW TO MINIMIZE ATTENUATION

One

way to minimize attenuation is to use lower


resistance wire
Telephone companies have designed their cable
plant using the thinnest gauge wire that could
support the required services
The analog modems must force their data into
the 4kHz channel used to carry voice traffic
Since rates like 28kbps or 56kbps require much
more bandwidth than that, modulation
techniques and coding have to be employed to
overcome the bandwidth limitations of the
telephone channel
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BENEFITS OF DSL
DSL enables telephone companies to
use the worlds nearly 750 million
existing copper wires to deliver
affordable high-speed remote access to
the Internet, corporate networks and
on-line services over ordinary phone
lines
Unlike competing technologies, DSL
eliminates the need for extensive and
expensive infrastructure upgrades

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BENEFITS OF DSL
DSL

enables new applications that require


real-time, interactive multimedia and
broadcast-quality video. Such applications
include collaborative computing (Joint
computing), video conferencing, distance
learning and video-on-demand
Because it is one customers dedicated line,
transmission speeds are not affected by
other users going on-line
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DSL is "always on" and connected - just like a

standard telephone. There is no time wasted


dialing up the service
Both residential and businesses properties
around the world are already running out of
spare lines on existing installed telephone
cables. DSL provides service providers with the
capability
to
leverage
the
existing
infrastructure
DSL-based networks are well suited for
carrying IP and ATM traffic, thus future19
proofing DSL technology for decades to come

VARIANTS OF DSL WHY ?


There are a few key differences
1 Speed-How much data can be sent or
received in a certain amount of time ?(bit
rate)
2 Line Coding-How the information is
encoded and sent on the line ?
3 Number of Lines-What are the
requirements in terms of twisted pairs ?
4 Reach-How many feet/meters the signal
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can reliably travel ?

VARIANTS OF DSL

HDSL (High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber


Line)
HDSL transceivers can transmit a 2.048 Mbps data

signal over two, 24 gauge (0.5mm), twisted wire pair loops


at a distance of up to 13 kft (4.2 km) without the need for
repeaters
Most Mature type and cheaper
Using a technique called echo cancellation,HDSL allows
data to be sent in both directions at the same frequency on
the same line
HDSL requires a smaller frequency band to send the
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same amount of data

VARIANTS OF DSL
2.HDSL (High-bit-rate

Digital Subscriber Line)

The smaller frequency band means only the lower


frequencies must be needed,which helps in reducing some
losses on the line and reduces Near End Cross Talk
(NEXT).
HDSL is designed to run at the same bit rates as T1/E1
(1.55/2.048 Mbps),but it can achieve this same bit rate on
less expensive lines over a greater distance
The Line Code for HDSL is called 2B1Q (2-binary 1
quaternary).It encodes two bits at one time.Each level
represents two bits of data.But it doesn't make efficient
use of available bandwidth.
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VARIANTS OF DSL
HDSL ADVANTAGES
The primary advantage of HDSL is that it is a mature
and proven technology
It is easy and economical to install.
It has a decent transfer rate in both directions at
1.544/2.048 Mbps (784/1040 kbps *2)

HDSL DISADVANTAGES
The primary disadvantage of HDSL is that it requires
two twisted pairs of wires to operate
HDSL is slower than some other forms of DSL

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VARIANTS OF DSL
HDSL 2
HDSL2 or second-generation HDSL can be thought of
as offering everything traditional HDSL offers, but it can
be done on a single pair of copper.This helps to reduce the
cost of the system.
The Line Code used is Overlapped Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM) .This provides excellent use of the
available bandwidth and doesn't suffer severely from
cross talk.
HDSL2 has excellent reach.1.544Mbps can be achieved
13200 ft from the central office,and 384 Kbps can be
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maintained up to 22500 ft.

ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)


ADSL is called "asymmetric" because most of its two-way bandwidth is

devoted to the downstream direction, sending data to the user. Only a small
portion of bandwidth is available for upstream or user-interaction
messages. Using ADSL, up to 6.1 Mbps of data can be sent downstream and
up to 640 Kbps upstream
The data rate of ADSL is highly dependent upon the distance from Central
Office (CO) to the Consumer Premises(CPE).
ADSL is designed to co exist with a regular phone line (phone operates at
frequencies up to 4 KHz).In order not to interfere with POTS and to avoid
interference from POTS ,ADSL operates at frequencies above 4 KHz,
(upstream is in the range from 30 to 138 KHz, down stream ranges from
138 KHz To 1.1 MHz
Separate frequency band for voice and data allow the signals are obtained
by using Filters.For ADSL ,these filters are combined into one central
piece of equipment called Pots Splitter.This splitter takes the signal
received from the Service Provider and separates them in to two home
networks (regular telephone network and home computer network)25

ADSL
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADSL is well suited to residential application.It uses lines that are
already installed virtually everywhere and peacefully co-exists with
current phone service.

It has large downstream data capacity (up to 8 Mbps)ADSL (like


most flavors of xDSL) is always connected

For Large business upstream data rates are often just as


important as downstream ,which would make ADSL a

POOR CHOICE
ADSL data rates also suffer dramatically as line length
increases.ADSL will extend out to 18,000 ft,but its ideal rates only
operate out to 9,000 ft.
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ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)


To create multiple channels ,ADSL Modem divide the
available bandwidth of a telephone line in one of the two
ways

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)


Echo Cancellation (technique is used in V.32 and V.34 modems)

In FDM ,one band for upstream and one band for


downstream is assigned
Modulation in ADSL is Discrete Multi tone Modulation
(DMT).DMT System divide the frequency band into 256
sub channels that are 4.3125 KHz wide.32 of these sub
channels are reserved for upstream data.Each channel
independently sends a data using QAM encoding

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4 G.Lite

(or DSL Lite)

G.Lite (also known as DSL Lite, splitter less ADSL, and Universal
ADSL) is a slower version of ADSL that doesn't require splitting
of the line at the user end but manages to split it for the user
remotely at the telephone company. G.Lite, officially ITU-T
standard G-992.2, provides a data rate of 1.544 Mbps downstream
and from 128 Kbps to 384 Kbps upstream. Because of the lower bit
rate ,hardware design for G.Lite is much easier than ADSL.
Where wiring in the home is old or done poorly,the voice and
data signals can interfere with each other .In those cases ,small
Micro Filters are placed on each phone line in the house.The three
divided segments are :a)

0 to 4KHz for POTS

b)26KHz to 138 KHz range is used to transmit data upstream


c)138KHz to 550 KHz range is used to transmit data
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RADSL (RATE-ADAPTIVE DSL)


RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL) is an ADSL technology in
which software is able to determine the rate at which
signals can be transmitted on a given customer phone
line and adjust the delivery rate accordingly.
It can deliver from 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream
and from 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream over an
existing line.
It is generally used to extend reach of systems to area
that are far from the central office.
It operates over single twisted pair copper loop.
Down stream is 1 to 12 Mbps and upstream is 0.128 to 1
Mbps.

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SDSL (SYMMETRIC DSL)


SDSL (Symmetric DSL) is similar to
HDSL with a single twisted-pair line,
carrying 1.544 Mbps (U.S. and Canada) or
2.048 Mbps (Europe) symmetrically on a
duplex line. Its a concept rather than a
specific technology.
It can be used to provide variety of rates
between 272 and 2,320 Kbps and can extend
11 km @ 256 Kbps.
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IDSL (ISDN DSL)


IDSL provides DSL technology over existing ISDN
Lines.
It is closer to ISDN data rates and service at 128 Kbps
than to the much higher rates of ADSL.
Beyond 18000 feet, typical DSL applications break
down but IDSL can still function.
IDSL circuits can only carry data (not voice)
It is always in Connected position ,as apposed to
dial up this eliminating call set up delay.
The transmission of data is over the data network
rather than PSTN.
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VDSL (VERY-HIGH-BIT-RATE DSL)

VDSL provides very high bandwidth


asymmetrically (up to 52 Mbps in one
direction and 2 Mbps in the other) to
businesses
and
residences
with
broadband access requirements over a
Fiber-To-The-Curb (FTTC) network.
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COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES
ISDN

What It Is:
A digital line for both voice and data transmission
Two varients
ISDN BRI
ISDN PRI

Pros:
Widely available
Permits fax, data, and voice on the same line
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Cons:
Top speed of only 128Kbps
Not available in all areas
Often difficult to set up
Expensive phone-company and ISP
charges

Conclusion:
A reasonable upgrade for many analog
modem users, but not smart if you have
access to satellite or cable
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Satellite
What It Is:
Uses a mini-dish antenna to receive Internet
data via satellite at up to 400Kbps

Pros:
Available to anyone with an unobstructed
view of the sky

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Cons:
Top download speed of 400Kbps is only a fraction
of cable or ADSL
Requires an analog modem for uploads; tricky
installation
Pricing includes per-megabyte charges and can be
expensive

Conclusion:
The immediate choice where cable is not offered
The only choice in rural areas
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Cable Modem
What It Is:
Uses the existing cable TV infrastructure and a
special modem to let you surf the Net at speeds
of up to 30Mbps
There are two types: the most prevalent is the
HFC type which offers data communications
in both directions while the other is the older
type which runs over the standard coaxial
cable networks but which provides data
communications only downstream
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Pros:
Potentially available wherever cable TV is
Provides high-speed downloads and uploads
Inexpensive

Cons:
Actual speeds reach only around 1.5Mbps
downstream and 300Kbps upstream
Shared bandwidth
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Difficult to get in many older, urban buildings as


well as business parks
Inadequate security
In order to offer the two-way service, the cable
company must have a hybrid fiber/coax cable
network but as of 1999, only about 30% of the
total cable lines in the USA had been converted to
HFC

Conclusion:
A long-term choice for homes but not for
businesses
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FTTH / FTTC

What It Is:
For FTTC , optical fiber is terminated within a few
hundred feet of the residence and the d/wire is
coaxial cable or phone wire
While for FTTH, the fiber is carried all the way to
the home giving upstream speeds of 1.6~19.4
Mbps along with 12.9~51.8 Mbps downstream

Pros:
Fiber is immune to noise
Enough bandwidth to support customers web sites
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Cons:
Huge infrastructure costs
Problems regarding how to transition current
customers rewiring
Lagging behind more established
technologies

Conclusion:
Bandwidth offerings are quite good but the
infrastructure costs render it prohibitive
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DSL-BASED

SERVICES OFFERED WORLDWIDE

Internet access
DSL Internet access is competitive with ISDN
pricing and lower than corresponding fractional
T1/E1 access.

Remote LAN connectivity


Remote LAN connectivity provides network
connections between a remote user and a
corporate LAN, using DSL as the last mile at
the remote end. DSL access, and the end-to-end
connection are included in the service
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Frame relay or ATM


Frame Relay and ATM are public data networking
services offered by telecommunication companies
for LAN-to-LAN connections. Customers connect
to Frame Relay networks 56K leased lines,
fractional T1/E1, or full T1/E1 lines. Pricing for
local and long haul Frame Relay network
connections varies
Virtual Private Networks
VPNs support private communications over a
public network, such as connecting two users or
network locations over the Internet. The DSL loop
enables tele-workers to link up to a company
network through the Internet and work securely, as
if they were accessing the LAN at the office
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Voice Over DSL


VoDSL supports up to 24 voice channels today, with
greater capacity in the future, plus a channel for
data communication on a single copper pair
Another voice application is PBX extension, which is
targeted at tele-workers. PBX extension supports a
voice channel over the DSL line, effectively
connecting a remote worker to a PBX located at the
corporate headquarters
Video
Electronic
whiteboards combined with video
conferencing over a DSL connection can create a
powerful set of real-time, interactive tools that
dramatically improve the communication of
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geographically dispersed teams

DSL COMPONENTS

Central Office :
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)

It is a mechanism at a phone Companys central location


that links many DSL customers (Connections) to a single
high speed ATM Line
DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to support multiple
types of DSL in a central office and different varieties of
protocol and modulation
The DSLAM may provide additional functions,including
routing or dynamic IP address assignment for the customer
DSL customer Terminates individual subscriber line and
integrates it into the telephone and data networks.

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DSL Components
Customer

Premises:

CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)

Splitter - Separates voice and data feeds.


Bridge
- Couples DSL to PC or Ethernet
Equipment
(typically a PC DSL Modem).
Router - Couples and routes DSL or Ethernet feed
to customer PCs or other network devices
(Including network capable alarm controls!).
Filters - Blocks high frequencies so that voice
devices can work properly.
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DSL COMPONENTS
Central

Office :

DSLAM
Cisco 6160

Courtesy: SBC -TRI

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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer

Premises:

CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)

Splitter - Separates voice and data feeds.

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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer

Premises:

CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)

Splitter - Separates voice and data feeds.

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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer

Premises:

CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)

Bridge - Couples DSL to PC or Ethernet Equipment


(typically a PC DSL Modem).

Courtesy: 3Com

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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer

Premises:

CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)

Router - Couples and routes DSL or Ethernet feed to


customer PCs or other network devices (Including
network capable alarm controls!).

Analog Modem
Ethernet Hub

DSL Router

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DSL INFRASTRUCTURE

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