Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LINE (DSL)
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Services
requiring
transmission
channels capable of supporting rates
greater than the primary rates are called
Broadband Services.
PROBLEMS IN EXISTING
NETWORKS (PSTN,ISDN)
1 Bandwidth Limitation
Analog Modem Connections are limited to 56K
Basic Rate ISDN limited to 144 Kbps
2
Switch Congestion
Voice calls are usually short (say 5 min)
Data calls are usually long(may be 120 mins.)
Flat Charge /Low Charging by ISPs intends
users for long internet usage.
4
is X DSL?
Frequency Range
Public
Telephone
Network
Voice
Switch
56 kbps
Analog
Internet
10
Public Telephone
Network
DSL
Access
Multiplexe
r
Telephone Line
6Mbps
Customer
Premises
DSL
Central Office
Internet
11
Bell
DSL BASICS
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Crosstalk:
Crosstalk
One
BENEFITS OF DSL
DSL enables telephone companies to
use the worlds nearly 750 million
existing copper wires to deliver
affordable high-speed remote access to
the Internet, corporate networks and
on-line services over ordinary phone
lines
Unlike competing technologies, DSL
eliminates the need for extensive and
expensive infrastructure upgrades
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BENEFITS OF DSL
DSL
VARIANTS OF DSL
VARIANTS OF DSL
2.HDSL (High-bit-rate
VARIANTS OF DSL
HDSL ADVANTAGES
The primary advantage of HDSL is that it is a mature
and proven technology
It is easy and economical to install.
It has a decent transfer rate in both directions at
1.544/2.048 Mbps (784/1040 kbps *2)
HDSL DISADVANTAGES
The primary disadvantage of HDSL is that it requires
two twisted pairs of wires to operate
HDSL is slower than some other forms of DSL
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VARIANTS OF DSL
HDSL 2
HDSL2 or second-generation HDSL can be thought of
as offering everything traditional HDSL offers, but it can
be done on a single pair of copper.This helps to reduce the
cost of the system.
The Line Code used is Overlapped Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM) .This provides excellent use of the
available bandwidth and doesn't suffer severely from
cross talk.
HDSL2 has excellent reach.1.544Mbps can be achieved
13200 ft from the central office,and 384 Kbps can be
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maintained up to 22500 ft.
devoted to the downstream direction, sending data to the user. Only a small
portion of bandwidth is available for upstream or user-interaction
messages. Using ADSL, up to 6.1 Mbps of data can be sent downstream and
up to 640 Kbps upstream
The data rate of ADSL is highly dependent upon the distance from Central
Office (CO) to the Consumer Premises(CPE).
ADSL is designed to co exist with a regular phone line (phone operates at
frequencies up to 4 KHz).In order not to interfere with POTS and to avoid
interference from POTS ,ADSL operates at frequencies above 4 KHz,
(upstream is in the range from 30 to 138 KHz, down stream ranges from
138 KHz To 1.1 MHz
Separate frequency band for voice and data allow the signals are obtained
by using Filters.For ADSL ,these filters are combined into one central
piece of equipment called Pots Splitter.This splitter takes the signal
received from the Service Provider and separates them in to two home
networks (regular telephone network and home computer network)25
ADSL
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADSL is well suited to residential application.It uses lines that are
already installed virtually everywhere and peacefully co-exists with
current phone service.
POOR CHOICE
ADSL data rates also suffer dramatically as line length
increases.ADSL will extend out to 18,000 ft,but its ideal rates only
operate out to 9,000 ft.
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4 G.Lite
G.Lite (also known as DSL Lite, splitter less ADSL, and Universal
ADSL) is a slower version of ADSL that doesn't require splitting
of the line at the user end but manages to split it for the user
remotely at the telephone company. G.Lite, officially ITU-T
standard G-992.2, provides a data rate of 1.544 Mbps downstream
and from 128 Kbps to 384 Kbps upstream. Because of the lower bit
rate ,hardware design for G.Lite is much easier than ADSL.
Where wiring in the home is old or done poorly,the voice and
data signals can interfere with each other .In those cases ,small
Micro Filters are placed on each phone line in the house.The three
divided segments are :a)
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COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES
ISDN
What It Is:
A digital line for both voice and data transmission
Two varients
ISDN BRI
ISDN PRI
Pros:
Widely available
Permits fax, data, and voice on the same line
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Cons:
Top speed of only 128Kbps
Not available in all areas
Often difficult to set up
Expensive phone-company and ISP
charges
Conclusion:
A reasonable upgrade for many analog
modem users, but not smart if you have
access to satellite or cable
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Satellite
What It Is:
Uses a mini-dish antenna to receive Internet
data via satellite at up to 400Kbps
Pros:
Available to anyone with an unobstructed
view of the sky
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Cons:
Top download speed of 400Kbps is only a fraction
of cable or ADSL
Requires an analog modem for uploads; tricky
installation
Pricing includes per-megabyte charges and can be
expensive
Conclusion:
The immediate choice where cable is not offered
The only choice in rural areas
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Cable Modem
What It Is:
Uses the existing cable TV infrastructure and a
special modem to let you surf the Net at speeds
of up to 30Mbps
There are two types: the most prevalent is the
HFC type which offers data communications
in both directions while the other is the older
type which runs over the standard coaxial
cable networks but which provides data
communications only downstream
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Pros:
Potentially available wherever cable TV is
Provides high-speed downloads and uploads
Inexpensive
Cons:
Actual speeds reach only around 1.5Mbps
downstream and 300Kbps upstream
Shared bandwidth
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Conclusion:
A long-term choice for homes but not for
businesses
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FTTH / FTTC
What It Is:
For FTTC , optical fiber is terminated within a few
hundred feet of the residence and the d/wire is
coaxial cable or phone wire
While for FTTH, the fiber is carried all the way to
the home giving upstream speeds of 1.6~19.4
Mbps along with 12.9~51.8 Mbps downstream
Pros:
Fiber is immune to noise
Enough bandwidth to support customers web sites
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Cons:
Huge infrastructure costs
Problems regarding how to transition current
customers rewiring
Lagging behind more established
technologies
Conclusion:
Bandwidth offerings are quite good but the
infrastructure costs render it prohibitive
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DSL-BASED
Internet access
DSL Internet access is competitive with ISDN
pricing and lower than corresponding fractional
T1/E1 access.
DSL COMPONENTS
Central Office :
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)
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DSL Components
Customer
Premises:
DSL COMPONENTS
Central
Office :
DSLAM
Cisco 6160
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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer
Premises:
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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer
Premises:
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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer
Premises:
Courtesy: 3Com
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DSL COMPONENTS
Customer
Premises:
Analog Modem
Ethernet Hub
DSL Router
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DSL INFRASTRUCTURE
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