Definition of Personality

Personality is the dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by an individual that
uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations and behaviors in various situations.

The Role of Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious Forces in Personality

Conscious forces - ideas and sensations of which we are aware. It operates on the surface of
personality and plays a relatively small role in human personality.
Preconscious forces - contains those experiences that are unconscious but that could become
conscious with little effort.
Unconscious forces - operates on the deepest level of personality. Experiences and memories of
which we are not aware.
mental states remain out of awareness because making them conscious would create tremendous
pain and anxiety for us.

Instincts as Driving Forces in Mental Life

Instincts have four basic characteristics:

a source in some bodily deficit
an aim gratification of the need
an impetus that propels the person to act
an object through which the instinct achieves its aim

Instincts as Driving Forces in Mental Life (cont.)

Kinds of Instincts
life instincts - each person has
instinctive urges that seek to preserve
life. Hunger, thirst, and sexual needs.
Without food and water, we could not
survive.
Libido (eros) - psychic and
pleasurable feelings associated
with gratification of the life
instincts.
death instincts (thanatos) motivation by human beings to
return to an inorganic state of
balance that preceded life, in
which there is no painful struggle
to satisfy biological needs.

Freuds Personality Structure

To understand the dynamics of individuals conflicts,
Freud proposed three system of mind.
IdAccording to Freud, the source of instinctual energy,
which works on the pleasure principle (seeking
immediate pleasure) and is concerned with immediate
gratification.
EgoIn Freuds theory, the rational part of the psyche
that deals with reality by controlling the id while also
satisfying the superego; (from the Latin ego meaning I)

Freuds Personality Structure

Reality principleAccording to Freud, the principle on
which the conscious ego operates as it tries to meet the
demands of the id and the superego and the realities of
the environment.
SuperegoIn Freuds theory, the part of the personality
that incorporates parental and societal standards of
morality
Two major components conscience - punitive aspect
of the superego; violation of the conscience makes
the person feel guilty or ashamed.
ego-ideal - positive aspect of the superego,

Ego Defense Mechanisms

When the ego fails to satisfy both the id and the
superego, anxiety occurs. In order to avoid the
discomfort of anxiety, the ego distorts reality by the use
of defense mechanisms.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Repressionpreventing painful or dangerous thoughts
from entering consciousness
SublimationWorking off unmet desires or
unacceptable impulses in activities
DenialProtecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by
refusing to perceive it
RationalizationSubstituting socially acceptable
reasons

Ego Defense Mechanisms

IntellectualizationIgnoring the emotional aspects of a
painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts,
words or ideas
ProjectionTransferring unacceptable motives or
impulses to others
Reaction formationRefusing to acknowledge
unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by
exaggerating the opposite state

Ego Defense Mechanisms

RegressionResponding to a threatening situation in a
way appropriate to an earlier age or level of
development
DisplacementSubstituting a less threatening object for
the original object or impulse
Suppression individuals active ad conscious attempt to
stop anxiety provoking thoughts by simply not thinking
about them.

Psychsexual Stages of Development

In Freudian theory, five developmental periods during
which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if
personality development is to proceed normally

Oral Stage
0-18 monthsinfant receives satisfaction through
sucking, eating, biting, etc. Erogenous zone is the
mouth.
Overindulgentgullible, dependent, and passive
Underindulgentaggressive, sadistic person
Oral fixated adults orient their life around their mouth
by overeating, alcoholism, smoking, talking too much

Theory of Psychosexual Development

Oral stage - first pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratifications
center around the mouth.
oral aggressive - an individual who becomes fixated because of underindulgence during
feeding.
oral aggressive character - as an adult, this person is characterized by envy, manipulation
of others, and suspiciousness.
oral receptive - an individual who becomes fixated because of overindulgence during feeding.
oral receptive character - as an adult, this person is characterized by gullibility, admiration
for others, and excessive dependence.

Anal Stage
18 months-3 yearsthe child receives satisfaction by
having and retaining bowel movements. Erogenous
zone is the anus.
Fixation results in retentive or explosive personality
Anal-retentivehighly controlled, compulsively neat
Anal-explosivemessy, disorderly, rebellious, and
destructive

Theory of Psychosexual Development (cont.)

Anal stage - second pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which primary gratification
centers around the anal cavity.
anal character - child is locked in a power struggle for control with parents; if parents are too
harsh and demanding, child may develop traits of defiance, obstinacy, and stinginess.

Phallic Stage
3-6 yearscenter of pleasure is the genitals, typically a
time of exploration of pleasure through masturbation
and playing doctor
Child resolves the Oedipus Complex(the period of
conflict during the phallic stage when children are
sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and hostile
toward the same-sex parent
Castration anxiety in males and penis envy in girls

Theory of Psychosexual Development (cont.)

Phallic stage - third pregenital stage of psychosexual development, in which main gratifications are
derived from manipulation of the genitals.
phallic character - an individual fixated at the phallic stage who, later in life, needs to prove
continually his or her sexual adequacy.

Latency Stage
Age 6 to pubertychildren repress sexual thoughts and
engage in nonsexual activities such as developing social
and intellectual skills
Task is to develop successful interactions with same-sex
peers and refine appropriate gender roles

Genital Stage
Adolescence ongenitals are again the erogenous
zones.
Individual seeks to fulfill his or her sexual desires
through emotional attachment to members of the
opposite sex.
Unsuccessful outcomes lead to sexual relationships
based on lustful desires rather than respect and
commitment.

Theory of Psychosexual Development (cont.)

Latency stage - period during which libidinal energy lies dormant and the primary focus is on the
development of interests and skills through contact with childhood peers and teachers.
Genital stage - final stage of psychosexual development, in which an attempt is made to conduct a
mature love relationship with a member of the opposite sex.
genital character - a mature, healthy individual who is sexually developed and capable of
relating to members of the other sex.

Therapeutic Assessment Techniques

Free association - technique in which the therapist encourages patients to report, without
restriction, any thoughts that occur to them.
Dream analysis - procedure used to probe the unconscious through interpretation of the patients
dreams.
Transference - feelings presumed to have originally directed toward the parent(s) are now directed
toward the therapist.

CHAPTER3
JUNG'SANALYTICALPSYCHOLOGY

Analytical Psychology

A depth psychology that emphasizes the complex interplay between oppositional forces within the
psyche and the ways in which these internal conflicts affect personality development.

Psyche

Construct to represent all of the

interacting systems within human
personality that are needed to
account for the mental life and
behavior of the person.

Psyche (cont.)

Libido - general life process energy (encompasses not only the sexual, but the creative and
spiritual).
Operation of the psyche
principle of opposites - idea that the energy that propels personality and behavior is
derived from the interplay between opposite forces within the psyche.
principle of equivalence - idea that energy expended in one part of the psyche will be
compensated for by an equal amount of energy in the same or different form in another
part of the psyche.
principle of entropy - idea that energy is automatically redistributed in the psyche in order
to achieve equilibrium.

Psyche (cont.)

Components of the Psyche:

ego - force in the personality responsible for feelings of identity and continuity.
personal unconscious - region that contains all of the personal experiences that have been
blocked from awareness.
collective unconscious - depository of instincts and archetypes that go beyond personal
experience. These transpersonal experiences are the residue of human evolutionary
development.

Psyche (cont.)

archetypes - universal themes or symbols that can be activated by forces operating in the psyche.
persona - role human beings play in order to meet the demands of others.
shadow - inferior, evil, and repulsive side of human nature.
anima - feminine archetype in men, including both positive and negative characteristics of the
transpersonal female.

Psyche (archetypes cont.)

animus - masculine archetype in women, including both positive
and negative characteristics of the transpersonal male.
self - an archetype that leads people to search for ways of
maximizing the development of their multifaceted potentials.
mandala - symbolic representation of the self; multifaceted,
balanced, harmonious.

Theory of Psychological Types

Fundamental attitudes
extraversion - characterized by an outgoing and relatively confident approach to life.
introversion - characterized by a retiring and reflective approach to life.

Theory of Psychological Types (Cont.)

Functions
rational - modes of making judgments or evaluations of events in the world. (thinking and
feeling)
irrational - Modes of apprehending the world without evaluating it. (sensation and intuition)

Theory of Psychological Types (Cont.)

Typology: combines 2 attitudes and 4 functions:

extraverted thinking type - characterized in a positive way by an ability to organize masses of
facts into a coherent theory and in a negative way by a selfish and exploitative attitude toward
others.
introverted thinking type - characterized positively by imagination and an ability to think
originally and boldly and negatively by social ineptness.
extraverted feeling type - characterized positively by an acceptance of the standards of
society and negatively by a change in emotions from situation to situation.

Theory of Psychological Types (Typology Cont.)

introverted feeling type - characterized positively by intense feelings of sympathy for others
who have experienced misfortune and negatively by shyness and inaccessibility.
extraverted sensing type - characterized positively by an appreciation for the arts and
negatively by crude pleasure seeking.
introverted sensing type - characterized positively by the intensity of subjective sensations
and negatively by oversensitivity and obtuseness.
extraverted intuitive type - characterized positively by a quick grasp of the creative
possibilities in various ventures and negatively by impatience and flightiness.
introverted intuitive type - characterized positively by the ability to envision the future and
negatively by an inability to communicate effectively with others.

Personality Development

Self - realization - goal of development is the realization of one's potentials.

Therapeutic Assessment Techniques

Dream Analysis - means of resolving current problems and pointing to directions for healthy
development.
Method of Amplification - technique in which the patient and analyst continue to reassess and
reinterpret the same symbols in an attempt to broaden their understanding of them.
Word Association Test - patients are presented with stimulus words and asked to give responses
to them. Greater time latencies in responding are assumed to reflect the existence of underlying
complexes.
Painting Therapy - technique used to help patients clarify the various symbols seen in their dreams
and increase their understanding of themselves.