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If the operating point is chosen at the middle of the
load line, it is called Class A amplifier
If the operating point is chosen at the cut-off point
it is called Class B amplifier
If the operating point is chosen beyond the cut-off
point it is called Class C amplifier
It conducts for 3600
Concept Preview
Efficiency is most important in power amplifiers.
Poor efficiency means that much of the input
power is converted to heat.
A class A amplifier conducts for the entire signal
cycle and has the lowest efficiency.
A class B amplifier conducts for only half of the
signal cycle.
A class C amplifier conducts for less than half of
the signal cycle.
A class D amplifier switches between cutoff and
saturation.
High efficiency
means
less
HEAT
= PIN
- Pheat.
OUT
Input signal
Power
Amplifier
PIN
Output signal
Efficiency =
POUT
POUT
PIN
Efficiency
The dc power supplied to an amplifier is
PIN = VCC x IDC
Efficiency = POUT/PIN x 100%
The maximum efficiency for Class A
amplifiers with a dc collector resistance
and a separate load resistance is 25%.
Class A is usually not acceptable when
watts of power are required.
IC
B
t
t
IC
IC
ISAT
D
t
Concept Preview
Class A amplifiers operate at the center of the load
line and have a large quiescent current flow.
Class B amplifiers operate at cutoff and have no
quiescent current flow.
Class B amplifiers are usually operated in pushpull configurations.
Class B amplifiers have crossover distortion.
Class AB reduces crossover distortion.
Bridge amplifiers provide four times the output
power and eliminate the output coupling capacitor.
Class A amplifier
The
Ic
mA
0
1
Ib = 60A
10mA
A
6m
A
4m
Ib = 50A
8mA
Q
6mA
Ib = 40A
Ib = 30A
4mA
Ib = 20A
2mA
A
0V
24 V
Vce
Class A
VCC
18 V
=
=
= 15 mA
1.2 k
RB
IC = x IB = 60 x 15 mA = 0.9 A
RL = 12
RB = 1.2 k
CC
C
= 60
E
VCC = 18 V
VCC
18 V
ISAT =
=
= 1.5 A
12
RL
IC in A
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
VCE in Volts
PC = VCE x IC = 7.2 V x 0.9 A = 6.48 W
25 mA
20 mA
mA
10 mA
5 mA
0 mA
Class B amplifier
The
Ic
mA
0
1
Ib = 60A
10mA
Ib = 50A
8mA
Ib = 40A
6mA
A
0m
Ib = 30A
4mA
Ib = 20A
2mA
Q
0V
Class B
24 V
Vce
IC in A
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
VCE in Volts
PC = VCE x IC = 18 V x 0 A = 0 W
25 mA
20 mA
mA
Q
10 mA
5 mA
0 mA
0 2 4 6
Cl
20 mA
as
sB
25 mA
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
mA
10 mA
5 mA
8 10 12 14 16
0 mA
The collector signal
is too distorted for
linear applications.
C
B
NPN
E
E
PNP
PNP
NPN
Class B
C
B
NPN
E
E
PNP
C
B
NPN
1.4 V
E
PNP
IC in A
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
VCE in Volts
+VCC
+VCC
Cap. required
+VCC
Max. = VCC
Max. = 2 x VCC
RL
2
RL
Max.
Max.
Concept Review
Class A amplifiers operate at the center of the load
line and have a large quiescent current flow.
Class B amplifiers operate at cutoff and have no
quiescent current flow.
Class B amplifiers are usually operated in pushpull configurations.
Class B amplifiers have crossover distortion.
Class AB reduces crossover distortion.
Bridge amplifiers provide four times the output
power and eliminate the output coupling capacitor.
Repeat Segment
Concept Preview
Class C amplifiers are biased beyond cutoff for a
small conduction angle and high efficiency.
Class C amplifiers used tuned tank circuits to
reduce distortion in RF applications.
Class C amplifiers cannot be used in wideband
applications like audio.
Class D amplifiers switch between cutoff and
saturation for very high efficiency.
Class D amplifiers operate at a relatively high
switching frequency and often use PWM.
Class D can be used in audio applications.
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
AB
0 2 4 6
8 10 12 14 16 18
Class C amplifier
The
Ic
mA
0
1
Ib = 60A
10mA
Ib = 50A
8mA
Ib = 40A
6mA
A
0m
Ib = 30A
4mA
Ib = 20A
2mA
Q`
0V
Class C
24 V
Vce
Class A
Class B
Class C
Conduction Angles
& theoretical max. efficiencies:
Class
A = 360o
Class B
= 180o
Class AB 200o
Class C
90o
50 %*
78.5 %
(between A & B)
100 %
Class C amplifier
VCC
Tank circuit
C
CC
B
RB
VBB
The transistor is
off for most of
the input cycle
and the conduction
angle is small.
0.7 V
VBB
VBE waveform
Class C amplifier
waveforms
(with tank circuit)
0A
IC waveform
VCE waveform
Low VCE when IC is flowing
C
CC
B
RB
The base-emitter
junction rectifies
the input signal
and charges CC.
IB = 0
Cutoff
IB > 0
IB >> 0
Linear
(PC > 0)
Saturation
Distortionless amplifier
Out
Impedance Matching
The
Rb1
270 K
Rb2
Rb1
Rc
5.6 K
Re
270 K
Ce
Rb2
Re
Ce
Drawback
The
Ic
Class A
B
Ib = 60A
10mA
Ib = 50A
8mA
Q
6mA
Ib = 40A
Ib = 30A
4mA
Ib = 20A
2mA
A
0V
24 V
Vce
Vcc
T1
TR1
TR2
T3
T2
Class B Push-Pull
Push-Pull Circuit
TR1
Push-Pull Circuit
The
Class D Amplifier
During the +ve half cycle Q1 gets Forward Bias and it
conducts
During the -ve half cycle Q2 gets Forward Bias and it
conducts
Thus both the transistors conduct alternately
The amplifier works for 3600
No distortion
100% efficiency
T1
TR2
T
3
T2
TR1
T1
TR2
T
3
T2
TR1
Drawbacks
Though
Vcc
T1
T2
During the +ve half, T1(NPN) base gets forward bias &
it conducts while T2 (PNP) gets reverse biased and does
not conduct
Thus
This
Class AB amplifier
This
Vcc
Class AB amplifier
R1
T1
D1
D2
R2
T2
Symmetrical components
Since
Thermal stability
In
This
When
B
RB
C
E
PWM Signal
Input Signal
PWM
LPF
Concept Review
Class C amplifiers are biased beyond cutoff for a
small conduction angle and high efficiency.
Class C amplifiers used tuned tank circuits to
reduce distortion in RF applications.
Class C amplifiers cannot be used in wideband
applications like audio.
Class D amplifiers switch between cutoff and
saturation for very high efficiency.
Class D amplifiers operate at a relatively high
switching frequency and often use PWM.
Class D can be used in audio applications.
Repeat Segment