FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR

IMAGE ANALYSIS
Dr.S.Domnic
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications
National Institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli.

OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
Basics of Image
Image Features
Feature Extraction Techniques
Applications

BASICS OF IMAGE

An analog image is 2D F(x,y) which has infinite

precision in spatial parameters x and y, infinite
precision in intensity at each spatial point (x,y).
An digital image is 2D array of intensity values
with finite precision.

BASICS OF IMAGE

Intensity value Color value

Color value 0 represents
black color
255 represents white color
For ex: gray scale image

BASICS OF IMAGE
Image Types

RGB

Gray Scale

Range 0 to 224-1

Black & White

0 to 28-1

0-1

BASICS OF IMAGE

BASICS OF IMAGE
Decomposing an image in to
its bits

BASICS OF IMAGE
Effects of differing image resolution

BASICS OF IMAGE
Effects of gray level resolution

256 levels 16 gray levels

2 levels

IMAGE IN DIFFERENT WALKS OF LIFE

Medical field

Remote
sensing

Forensic field

IMAGE FEATURES

Image analysis is the extraction of meaningful

information from digital image by means of digital
image processing techniques
feature

IMAGE OPERATORS
Histogram
Thresholding
Template Convolution
Averaging
Statistical operators (median filter, mode
filter..)

IMAGE OPERATORS

Histogram

IMAGE OPERATORS

Thresholding

IMAGE OPERATORS
Template Convolution
Weighting Coefficients

IMAGE OPERATORS

Averaging

TYPES OF FEATURES

Low level feature

Edge,

curvature, texture, orientation, etc..

High level feature

Shape,

patch, region etc

EDGE

A change in intensity values, it can be revealed

by differencing adjacent points.
First Order -Horizontal edge detector vertical edge
First Order -Vertical edge detector horizontal edge

EDGE

To detect horizontal and vertical edge together

Template for first order difference

EDGE

CURVATURE
Curvature is the rate of change in edge direction.
Points where the edge direction changes rapidly
are corners.

SHAPE
Shape is a high level feature.
Facial features: eyes, ears, mouth
Complex picture can be decomposed into simple
shapes
Invariance properties: (i) Invariant to
illumination (bright or dark) (ii) Invariant to
position, location (iii) Invariant to rotation or
orientation

SHAPE EXTRACTION BY
SUBTRACTION AND
THRESHOLDING

SHAPE EXTRACTION BY
TEMPLATE MATCHING

SHAPE EXTRACTION BY
TEMPLATE MATCHING

SHAPE EXTRACTION BY HOUGH

TRANSFORM
It is a technique to locate shape in images.
It has been used to extract lines, circles and
ellipses.

OBJECT DESCRIPTORS
Objects are represented as a collection of pixels
in an image.
Describe the properties of the group of pixels.
Object characterization can be done by (i) Region/
and shape descriptor
Basic shape measures are : area, perimeter,
compactness, moments (Zernike moment)

OBJECT DESCRIPTORS
(DESCRIPTION OF PERIMETER
OR BOUNDARY)

Based on frequency analysis, Fourier coefficients are

used to describe shape. (i) define curve (ii) Four.coef

OBJECT DESCRIPTORS (REGION

DESCRIPTOR)

Region or area descriptor area, density of the

region

TEXTURE
Image Texture gives us information about the
spatial arrangement of color or intensities in an
image or selected region of an image.
Segmentation
Gabor filter
Fourier transform

TEXTURE IMAGE EXAMPLE

FOURIER TRANSFORM
Mathematical transformation employed to
transform between spatial domain (time) and
frequency domain.
The Fourier transform is also a reversible
operation.
Shape analysis (object description)
Texture analysis
Compression

FOURIER SERIES

The idea of a Fourier series is that any (reasonable) function, f(x),

2 + n) = f(x) for
2 all n) can
that is periodic on the interval
(ie: f(x
be decomposed into contributions from sin(nx) and cos(nx).

The Fourier series can be written as:

f(x) = a0 /2+ a1 cos (x) + a2 cos (2x) + a3 cos (3x) + . . . + an cos (nx)+ b1
sin (x) + b2 sin (2x) + b3 sin (3x) + . . . + bn sin (nx)
Where:
cos (nx) and sin (nx) are periodic on the interval 2*PI for any integer
n.
The an and bn coeffcients measure the strength of contribution from
each

PERIODIC SIGNAL

sin( x+ P )=sin( x )

FOURIER SERIES
APPROXIMATION

First four partial sum of

the Fourier series for a
square wave:
f(x) = a0 /2+ a1 cos (x) + b1
sin (x).
f(x) = a0 /2+ a1 cos (x) + a2
cos (2x) + b1 sin (x) + b2 sin
(2x).
f(x) = a0 /2+ a1 cos (x) + a2
cos (2x) + a3 cos (3x) + b1
sin (x) + b2 sin (2x) + b3 sin
(3x).

FOURIER SERIES APPROXIMATION

(PERIODIC SIGNAL FOR T / 2PI PERIOD)
f ( x)

a0

Where

an cos(nx) bn sin( nx)

n 1

Complex form:

f ( x) c0 cn e inx cos(nx) c n e inx

n 1

T /2

cn

f ( x )e in ( 1) x dx

T / 2

FOURIER TRANSFORM
For any non-periodic function and assume T-> , rewrite
previous general Fourier series equation and get:
T /2

cn

f ( x )e in ( 1) x dx

T / 2

When T->

F ( )

f ( x)e ix dx

1
f ( x)
2

ix
F
(

)
e
d

FOURIER TRANSFORM
PROPERTIES
Shift Invariance:
If we shift all the features by a fixed amount, the
magnitude of its Fourier transform does not change:

FOURIER TRANSFORM
PROPERTIES
Rotation:
The Fourier Transform of an image rotates when the
source image rotates.

FOURIER TRANSFORM
PROPERTIES
Frequency Scaling:
Scaling the original image, the spectrum will spread from
the origin consistent with an increase in spatial frequency

APPLICATIONS

Agriculture
Medical Image analysis
Surveillance
etc..

THANK YOU