Additional Chemistry

3.1 The mass of atoms

C2.3 How Much

3.2 Masses of atoms & moles

3.3 Percentages & formulae
3.4 Equations & calculations
3.5 Making as much as we want
3.6 Reversible reactions
3.7 Analysing substances
3.8 Instrumental analysis

3.1 The mass of atoms

Sub atomic
particle

Mass

Proton

Neutron

Electron

protons & neutrons in an atom

Mass of proton and

neutron are about the
same. They have a

relative mass

Proton

Neutron

Mass is concentrated in the

tightly packed nucleus

Atomic mass (almost)

(Ar)

Atomic number
Proton number

Mass number: Number of

Li

Number of Neutrons =
atomic mass atomic number

Nucleus

Isotope: The same element with some

atoms having different numbers of neutrons
76% of chlorine atoms are 35Cl whereas 24%
are as 37Cl. Its Relative atomic mass (RAM) is:

(76 x35) + (24x37)

100

RAM= 35.5

Lithium neutrons =

Relative atomic mass (RAM):

7-3 = 4 neutrons

The average value for all the isotopes of an element.

3.2 Masses of atoms & moles

RAM (Ar): The relative atomic mass.
Compares atomic mass to that of
a standard atom (carbon)

RFM (Mr): The relative formula mass.

What is the RFM of carbon dioxide CO2:

RAM C = 12

Formula (CO2 ) = C + O + O
RFM = 12 +16+16

Adds the relative atomic masses

of the elements present together.

1 mole of a substance
is its RAM or RFM
in grams

RFM = 44

Mole: The number of atoms present

in an element based on its RAM.
This number is always 6.02x1023

What is the mass of 1 mole of H2O:

RAM H = 1

RFM H2O = 18

RAM O = 16

RFM = 1 +1+16
so 1 mole = 18g

No units
for RAM or
RFM

What is the mass of 3 mole of H2O:

Formula (H2O ) = H + H + O

RFM = 18

RAM O = 16

Mass = Moles x RAM

mass
moles x RAM

= 3 x 18
= 54g

3.3 Percentages & empirical formulae

What percentage of carbon
dioxide is oxygen?
Calculate RFM of compound
RAM C = 12

RAM O = 16

% element = No. of atoms x RAM element

RFM
percentage element =

Formula (CO2 ) = C + O + O

2 x 16 = 0.73

44
x100 to get percentage = 73%

RFM = 12 +16+16 =
44

If 5.5g of manganese reacted with 3.2g of oxygen. What is the formula

of the oxide of manganese formed? (Atomic. Mass Mn=55: O=16)?

Known mass
element
RAM

Mn =
O=

5.5g
55
3.2g
16

= 0.1 moles
= 0.2 moles

Moles

= number

Lowest mole number

0.1 moles
0.1 moles
0.2 moles
0.1 moles

= 1
Formula
= 2

MnO2

3.4 Equations & calculations

What mass of aluminium & chlorine are needed to make aluminium chloride?
Balance symbol
equation
Using RAM work
out reacting
masses
Minimum reacting
masses needed

aluminium +

2Al

2 x 27

chlorine aluminium chloride

3Cl2

3 x (35.5)2

54g

213g

2AlCl3
2x (27+(3x35.5)
267g

So 27g of Al will react with 106.5g of Cl to give 133.5g of AlCl3.

How much NH3 is produced when 56g of nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen?
Symbol equation
must be balanced

Known mass
Total RFM
RAM
N = 14, H = 1

N2

+ 3H2

2NH3

56g

(14 x 2)

2 x(14 +1+1+1)
?

34

so amount of NH3 produced is 2 x 34 = 68g

3.5 The yield of a chemical reaction

Reactant A

Reactant B

Yield is rarely 100% because:

Reaction may be reversible
Some reactants produce unexpected product
Product being left behind in the apparatus
Difficulty separating product from mixture

Product C

waste product

Product D

useful product

Yield: The amount of useful

product a reaction produces.

CHEMICAL
PLANTS are
designed...

In a fermentation reaction, 36 g of ethanol

are produced. Lots of impurities mean that
the mass of ethanol that could have been
made was 120g. What is the % yield?
... to work as safely and economically as possible.
... to waste as little energy as possible
... to use as many reactants particles up as possible to make as much
useful product as possible, (this is called the ATOM ECONOMY).
OVERALL the plant needs to maximise yield & minimise energy costs.

3.6 Reversible reactions

Forwards:
The reactants N2 and H2 form
the product ammonia (NH3)

N2

+ 3H2

2NH3

Reversible reaction examples

Ammonium chloride
heat
NH4Cl
ammonium
chloride (g)

Backwards:
Ammonia (NH3) breaks down
into the reactants N2 & H2
hydrogen ion

hydrogen
chloride (g)

NH3 +
cool

Symbol for a reversible reaction.

Has both a forward &
backward reaction.

HCl

ammonia(g)

Heating ammonium chloride is a

thermal decomposition reaction

alkali
HLit

red
litmus

H+
acid

Litblue
litmus

Litmus paper

3.7 Analysing substances

Paper chromatography

Used to separate & identify chemicals,

usually food colours, in a mixture.
The solvent moves up the paper with the
colours. These are deposited depending how
soluble they are. (the more soluble the higher
up the paper they are deposited.
Rf = distance moved by the compound
distance moved by the solvent

Blue
4
=
= 0.4
dots
10

The sample has to be compared against

a data bank of known samples Rf values.

Instrumental methods

Advantages:
Quick
Highly accurate and sensitive
A very small amount of a
sample can be analysed.

Disadvantages:
Usually expensive
Takes special training to use
Can only interpret data when
compared against a data base
of known compounds.

3.8a Instrumental analysis

Gas chromatography

More sensitive than paper chromatography

and allows to detect amounts present

Sample is vaporised and moves into

the column by the carrier gas.
Materials with stronger attraction to the
beads in the column take longer to get
through the column (the retention time)
Interpreting data

A has the shortest retention

time.
A is present in the smallest
amount.
F has the greatest affinity
for the solid column
substrate (stationary
The
sample has to be compared against
phase).
a data bank of known samples.
F has the longest retention
This is called fingerprinting.
time.

3.8b Instrumental analysis

Mass spectrometry

Used with gas chromatography as the

sample has been separated.
Sample passes through an electron
beam which turns molecules into ions.
Ions are accelerated and pass through a
magnetic field to bend the ions pathway.
Ions with a small mass curve the most.
Ions with a large mass curve the least.
Interpreting data

Molecul
ar ion
peak

The molecular ion peak

is the relative formula
mass of that compound.
This compound has a
RFM of 72.
The sample has to be compared against
a data bank of known samples.
This is called fingerprinting.