Heat and Mass Transfer II

(ME-315)

Sidra Zahid.
(Lecturer)
E-mail:- sidrazahid13417@gmail.com
Department of Engineering Sciences
National University of Sciences and Technology
PN Engineering College, PNS Jauhar, Karachi

Books

Heat Transfer By J. P. Holman.

Heat and Mass Transfer By F. P. Incropera

and D. P. DeWitt

Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach By

Yunus A Cengel (Main book)

Assessment
One-hour tests (2)

30%

Quizzes (6)

10%

Assignments (2)

10%

Final

50%

Exams

Note:

All exams will be closed books and closed notes

Only one sheet of formulae will be provided

Ch. 1 Transient Heat Conduction

Transient Conduction:
Unsteady state conduction
Fourier equation
Lumped-capacity method
Fourier and Biot number
Use of Heisler charts

Unsteady State Conduction

The temperature of a body, in general, varies with
time as well as position.
In rectangular coordinates, this variation is expressed
as T(x, y, z, t), where (x, y, z) indicates variation in the x,
y, and z directions, respectively, and t indicates variation
with time.
The change of temperature in time which occurs
when a body is heated or cooled by its environment is to
be determined from the constant property diffusion
equation

Models for Transient Conduction

Lumped thermal capacity model
The semi-infinite solid model and
The finite-sized model.

Lumped Parameter Analysis

A small copper ball can be
modeled as a lumped
system, but a roast
beef cannot.

Lumped Parameter Analysis

Lumped Parameter Analysis

is a positive quantity whose dimension is (time). The reciprocal of b has

time unit (usually s), and is called the time constant.

Lumped Parameter Analysis

Lumped Parameter Analysis

Rate of convection heat transfer between the body and
its environment at that time can be determined from
Newtons law of cooling as
The total amount of heat transfer between the body and
the surrounding medium over the time interval t = 0 to t
is simply the change in the energy content of the body:
The amount of heat transfer reaches its upper limit when
the body reaches the surrounding temperature T.

Lumped Parameter Analysis

Solve Examples 4.1 and 4.2 (Cengel)

Lumped Parameter Analysis

Lumped Parameter Analysis

Lumped Parameter Analysis

When the convection
coefficient h is high and k
is low, large temperature
differences occur between
the inner and outer
regions of a large solid.

Example

Example

Example

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE

PLANE WALLS, LONG CYLINDERS, AND
SPHERES WITH SPATIAL EFFECTS

Dimensionless Groups

2.

Infinite Solid Model

One Term Approximation Solution

where the constants A1 and 1 are functions of the Bi

number only, and their values are listed in Table 41
against the Bi number for all three geometries.
The function J0 is the zeroth-order Bessel function of the

One Term Approximation Solution

One Term Approximation Solution

Heisler Charts
The transient temperature charts in figures for a large
plane wall, long cylinder, and sphere were presented by
M. P. Heisler in 1947 and are called Heisler charts.
They were supplemented in 1961 with transient
heat transfer charts by H. Grber. There are three
charts associated with each geometry:
1. determine the temperature To at the center of the
geometry at a given time t.
2. determine the temperature at other locations at the
same time in terms of To.
3. determine the total amount of heat transfer up to

Midplane temperature (from M. P. Heisler)

Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

Temperature distribution (from M. P. Heisler)

Heating of Large Brass Plates in an Oven

In a production facility, large brass
plates of 4 cm thickness that are initially
at a uniform temperature of 20C are
heated by passing them through an
oven that is maintained at 500C (Fig).

The plates remain in the oven

for a
period of 7 min. Taking the combined
convection and radiation heat transfer
coefficient to be h = 120 W/m2 C,
determine the surface temperature of
the plates when they come out of the
oven.

Heating of Large Brass Plates in an Oven

Assumptions:
1 Heat conduction in the plate is one-dimensional.
2 The thermal properties of the plate and the heat
transfer coefficient are constant.
3 The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term
approximate solutions are applicable.
Properties:
The properties of brass at room temperature are k = 110
W/m C, pho = 8530 kg/m3, Cp = 380 J/kg C, and
alpha=33.9 x 10^-6 m2/s (Table A-3).

Heating of Large Brass Plates in an Oven

Analysis The temperature at a specified location at a
given time can be determined from the Heisler charts
Noting that the half-thickness of the plate is
L = 0.02 m, from Fig. 413 we have

Also

Heating of Large Brass Plates in an Oven

and

Cooling of a Long
Stainless Steel Cylindrical Shaft
A long 20-cm-diameter cylindrical shaft
made of stainless steel 304 comes out
of an oven at a uniform temperature of
600C (Fig.). The shaft is then allowed
to cool slowly in an environment
chamber at 200C with an average heat
transfer coefficient of h = 80 W/m2 C. Determine the
temperature at the center of the shaft 45 min after the
start of the cooling process. Also, determine the heat
transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time
period.

Cooling of a Long
Stainless Steel Cylindrical Shaft
Assumptions
1 Heat conduction in the shaft is one-dimensional.
2 The thermal properties of the shaft and the heat
transfer coefficient are constant.
3 The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term
approximate solutions are applicable.
Properties The properties of stainless steel- 304 at
room temperature are k = 14.9 W/m C, pho = 7900
kg/m3, Cp = 477 J/kg C, and
alpha= 3.95 * 10^-6 m2/s (Table A-3).

Cooling of a Long
Stainless Steel Cylindrical Shaft
Analysis The temperature within the shaft may vary with
the radial distance r as well as time, and the temperature
at a specified location at a given time can be determined
from the Heisler charts. Noting that the radius of the
shaft is ro = 0.1 m, from Fig. 414 we have

Cooling of a Long
Stainless Steel Cylindrical Shaft

TRANSIENT HEAT
CONDUCTION IN
MULTIDIMENSIONAL
SYSTEMS
The temperature in a short
cylinder exposed to convection
from all surfaces varies in both
the radial and axial directions,
and thus heat is transferred in
both directions.

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
Heislers Charts charts are used to determine the
temperature distribution and heat transfer in 1-D heat
conduction problems associated with a large plane wall,
a long cylinder, a sphere.
Using a superposition approach called the product
solution, these charts can also be used to construct
solutions for the 2-D transient heat conduction problems
encountered in geometries such as a short cylinder, a
long rectangular bar, or a semi-infinite cylinder or
plate, and even 3-D problems associated with
geometries such as a rectangular prism.

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
A short cylinder of radius ro
and height a is the
intersection of a long cylinder
of radius ro and a plane wall
of thickness a.

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS

The solution for the two-dimensional

short cylinder of height a and radius ro
is equal to the product of the
nondimensionalized solutions for the
one-dimensional plane wall of thickness
a and the long cylinder of radius ro,
which are the two geometries whose
intersection is the short cylinder.

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
A long solid bar of rectangular
profile a x b is the intersection
of two plane walls of
thicknesses a and b.

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS

The solution of a 2-D problem

involves the product of two 1-D
solutions
The solution of a 3-D problem
involves the product of three 1-D
solutions.

TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN

MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS

Cooling of a Short Brass Cylinder

A short brass cylinder of diameter D = 10 cm
and height H = 12 cm is initially at a uniform
temperature Ti = 120C. The cylinder is now
placed in atmospheric air at 25C, where
heat transfer takes place by convection, with
a heat transfer coefficient of h = 60 W/m2
C. Calculate the temperature at (a) the
center of the cylinder and (b) the center of
the top surface of the cylinder 15 min after
the start of the cooling.

Cooling of a Short Brass Cylinder

Assumptions
1 2-D heat conduction
2 Constant thermal properties and heat
transfer coefficient.
3 The Fourier number is > 0.2
Properties
The properties of brass at room temperature
are k = 110 W/m C
and alpha= 33.9 x 106 m2/s (Table A-3).
More accurate results can be obtained
by using properties at average temperature.

Cooling of a Short Brass Cylinder

Cooling of a Short Brass Cylinder

Q:- Determine the total heat transfer from the short brass cylinder
( 8530 kg/m3, Cp 0.380 kJ/kg C) discussed in previous
question.
Solution:- We first determine the maximum heat that can be
transferred from the cylinder, which is the sensible energy content
of the cylinder relative to its environment:

Example
A dozen approximately spherical apples, 10 cm in
diameter are taken from a 30C environment and laid out
on a rack in a refrigerator at 5C. They have
approximately the same physical properties as water,
and h is approximately 6 W/m2K as the result of natural
convection. What will be the temperature of the centers
of the apples after 1 hr? How long will it take to bring the
centers to 10C? How much heat will the refrigerator
have to carry away to get the centers to 10 C?

Example

Example

Example