MORFOLOGI DAN SITOLOGI

BAKTERI

Size
Unit of measurement :
micron (micrometre, m)
Bacteria of medical importance
0.2 1.5 m in diameter
3 5 m in length

07.09.08

Dr Ekta Chourasia

MORFOLOGI BAKTERI

Bakteri ( kuman2) Unicelluler

* Inti pada Prokariot

tak punya dinding inti

dan

Eukariot

punya dinding
nti

Morfologi
bakteri
BERDASARKAN ribosomal RNA
sequencing

Bentuk ( Morfologi ) dasar

bakteri
1. Kokus / bulat

2. Bacillus / batang
Spirochaeta = spiral
Vibrio = koma
Leptotrichia = filamen

Berkembang biak Binary fision

Susunan / arrangement
tergantung fission , arah jurusan

melekat / lepas

Arrangement of bacteria: Cocci

Coccus

Cocci in pair Diplococcus

Tetrad groups of four

Cocci in chain - Streptococci

Cocci in cluster - Staphylococci

07.09.08

Dr Ekta Chourasia

Sarcina groups of eight

Arrangement of bacteria: Bacilli

07.09.08

Dr Ekta Chourasia

Other shapes of bacteria

Comma shaped

Spirilla

Spirochetes

07.09.08

Dr Ekta Chourasia

 Cocci:

sphere, 1m

Bacilli:

rods , 0.5-1 m in width -3 m in length

Spiral

bacteria: 1~3 m in length and 0.3-0.6

m in width

SITOLOGI BAKTERI
STRUKTUR SEL BAKTERI :
1. CW = Cell wall = dinding sel
OL = Outer layer = Lipopolysaccharide
protein
IL = Inner layer = peptidoglycan 10 %

2. Ca = Capsule = Selubung
3. CM = Cytoplasmic membrane =
Membrane Sitoplasmik
4. DNA = Inti
5. Cy = Cytoplasm = Sitoplasm
6. F = Flagellum = Bulu cambuk ( 12
18,5 nm 10 um )
7. P = Pilus / Fimbriae ( 3 30 nm )
8. B = Blepharoplast

Structure of Bacteria
Essential structures
cell wall
cell membrane
Cytoplasm
nuclear material

Particular structures
capsule
flagella
pili
spore

Morfologi
bakteri

STRUKTUR SEL

* Dinding Sel :
- Gram negatif Peptidoglycan 10 %
Lipopolysaccharide ; protein
- Gram positif Peptidoglycan 70 80 %

1884: Christian Gram: First publication for the Gram stain method)
Editor's note: I would like to testify that I have found the Gram method to be one of
the best and for many cases the best method which I have ever used for staining
Schizomycetes.
Flagellum
Cell membrane Nucleoid
Cell wall

Gram +
Pili

Gram Granule

Capsule
Cell (inner) membrane Outer membrane
Ribosomes Cell wall

Gram, C. 1884. Ueber die isolirte

Farbung der Schizomyceten in
Schnittund Trockenpraparaten.
Fortschritte der Medicin, Vol. 2, pages

Common peptidoglycan layer

N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic
acid:
-- Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria.

Special components of Gram

positive cell wall
Teichoic acid

SPA / M POTEIN

pecial components of Gram

negative cell wall

Profiles of the cell envelope the Gram-positive

and Gram-negative bacteria

Property
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Thickness of wall
thick (20-80 nm)
thin (10 nm)
Number of layers
1
2
Peptidoglycan (murein) content
> 50%
10-20%
Teichoic acids in wall
present
absent
Lipid and lipoprotein content
0-3%
58%
Protein content
0
9%
Lipopolysaccharide content
0
13%
Correlation
of
Grams
stain
with
other
properties
of
Sensitivity to Penicillin G
yes
no (1)
bacteria
Sensitivity to lysozyme
yes
no (2)

Fungsi dinding sel

Bentuk rigid.
Mempertahankan bentuk sel.
Menjaga sel dari pengaruh tekanan osmotic
Tempat perlekatan bacteriophages
Memberikan platform yang rigid untuk
flagella, fimbriae, and pili
Berperan pada pembelahan sel
Tempat antigenic determinants pada
permukaan sel
Resistance of Antibiotics

* Capsule = Selubung = Envelope

- tak berhub dg kehidupan bakteri
- terdiri : Polysaccharide : Pneumococcus
Polypeptide

: B.anthracis

Fungsi : - Patogenitas
- Protective thd fagositosis
- Proteksi terhadap lytic enzymes
- Alat perlekatan : dextrans S.mutans
Gonococcus : Vagina

Capsules and slime layers

Attachment
Protection from phagocytic
engulfment.
Resistance to drying.
Depot for waste products.
Reservoir for certain
nutrients.
protection

These are structures surrounding the outside of the cell envelope. They
usually consist of polysaccharide; however, in certain bacilli they are
composed of a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid). They are not essential to
cell viability and some strains within a species will produce a capsule,
whilst others do not. Capsules are often lost during in vitro culture.

* Membrana Sitoplasmik
( protein lipid protein ) = Triple layered
Fungsi : - Osmotic barrier
- Semi permiable
- Multi-enzyme system pernafasan ,
synthesis , transport makanan kedalam sel
- transport elektron dan oxidative phosphorylation

* Sitoplasma
80% water, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipid
and inorganic ions etc

terdiri kromosom, ribosoma, mesosome

Fungsi :
- Depot makanan ( glycogen ), menyimpan bahan
kimia, Enzym system ( sintesa metabolisme )
- Berlangsungnya kegiatan pembentukan energi,
sintesis asam lemak , asam amino, protein dan
nukleotida.
-- Sbg pelarut utk semua protein, senyawa ,
menfasilitasi transportasi antar sel.

* DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleus
= inti sel
- pembawa sifat-2 genetik
single molecule of DNA /
khromosoma

* Flagellum = bulu cambuk

- tak ada hubungan dg kehidupan bakteri
- terdiri atas protein / blepharoplast
Fungsi : locomotion / pergerakan
Contoh : S. thyposa
Klasifikasi : 1. Monotrichate
2. Lopotrichate
3. Ampitrichate
4. Peritrichate

Types of flagellar arrangement

Polar/ Monotrichous single
flagellum at one pole
Lo tuft of flagella at one pole

Am flagella at both poles

Peri flagella all over

07.09.08

Dr Ekta Chourasia

* Philus / Fimbriae : tdr atas protein

Fungsi :
- Bactericidal conjugation / bahan genetic
- Adhesion : mukosa Fuzzy coat
- Contoh :

S.pyogenesis : tenggorokan
N.gonorrhoe ; Urethra / vagina

*Plasmids
( Extrachromosomal genetic factors )
- Circular, kdg linear 0.1- 0,2 % DNA
- tak ada hub dg kehidupan bakteri
- pu mengkode gen yg diperlukan sebagai
pertahanan hidup pd lingkungan yg merugikan
- mempengaruhi sifat sel bakteri
Transmitted to daughter cells during binary fission
May be transferred from one bacterium to another
Confer certain properties e.g. drug resistance, toxicity

* Endospora
- bentuk pertahanan bakt thd sifat fisik dan kimia
- bentuk Vegetatif batang
- bentuk spora : bulat atau lonjong
- diameter spora > atau < dari vegetatifnya
- Letak spora : sentral , terminal , sub terminal
Contoh : Cl.tetani ; Cl botulinum ; Baccillus

Vegetative/spore-containing
cells(2)