A TECHNICAL SEMINAR ON

PAPER BATTERY

BY
K.UDAY KUMAR
Rg.No.11E21A0430

VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY,
CHEVELLA

INTRODUCTION
The creation of the Paper Battery drew from a diverse
pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials
science, energy storage and chemistry.
In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Drs. Robert
Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel M.Ajayan,
Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint appointment in
Material science and engineering developed the Paper
Battery, also known as Nano Composite Paper.
In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at STANFORD
UNIVERSITY successfully made an actual prototype
that gave a terminal voltage of 1.5V

BASIC BATTERY CHEMISTRY

A Voltaic Cell

NICD BATTERY
Rechargeable battery using nickel
oxide hydroxide and
metallic Cadmium as electrodes.
Terminal voltage of 1.2V
Rugged, high specific
power(150W/kg), long life, light.
Used in UPS, portable power tools,
photography equipment, flashlights,
emergency lighting, and portable
electronic devices.
Disadvantages include Memory
effect, Environmental hazards, cost.

LI-ION BATTERY
Constructed using graphite rod,
Lithium cobalt oxide(or Lithium
manganese oxide) as electrodes and
lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6)
as electrolyte.
Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7V
High specific power(300W/kg),
no memory effect, and only a slow loss
of charge when not in use,possibility
of a range of shape and size.
Used in laptops, mobiles, other
consumer electronics.
However it is expensive, delicate, has
high internal resistance and safety
concerns.

PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL

BATTERIES
Lower specific power compared to fuels
Weight and size
High charging time
Environmental hazards
Explosion, corrosion, leakage
High cost
Terminal voltage constraints

PAPER BATTERY
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and
production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.
The nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with very
small diameters.
It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or molded
into any needed shape.
A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super
capacitor. This combination allows the battery to provide
both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.
It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything that a
conventional battery is not.

PRINCIPLE
The battery produces electricity in the same way as the
conventional lithium-ion batteries, but all the
components have been incorporated into a lightweight,
flexible sheet of paper.
The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an
infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.
The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be
varied depending the use of the battery.
A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in
cellulose-nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.

LI-ION PAPER BATTERY

The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as

electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct
electricity.
The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a
super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but
has no liquid electrolyte.
The paper battery provides a long, steady power output
as against a conventional battery burst of high energy.
The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper
is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it wont freeze
or boil.
Research is going on around the world to replace this
ionic electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat etc.

FABRICATION
The materials required for the preparation of paper
battery are:
Copier paper and Carbon nano ink
1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a
solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and
ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one
side of the paper.
2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree Celsius.
This evaporates the water content on the paper.
The battery is ready and would provide a terminal
voltage enough to power an LED

ADVANTAGES
Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut,
made into any shape.
The nano composite paper is compatible with a number
of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500
times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut
power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage
issue.
Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers
and RF tags.
It is very useful where burst of energy is required for
operation like mostly electric vehicles.

The electrolyte contains no water, thus theres nothing in

the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing
operation in extreme temperatures.
Environment friendly.
The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an
"electrolyte-permeated gel state, which helps ions make
a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at
lightning speeds.
(It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Liion batteries.)
Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical
Energy Storage Problems.

LIMITATIONS
Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
make it commercially viable.
Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a
reality.
Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce
nanotubes is promising.

APPLICATIONS
Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
Devices in space shuttles
Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.

CONCLUSIONS
The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet
the requirements of each application.
The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost
and weight which in itself may give birth to new
applications.
Paper battery could solve all the problems associated
with electrical energy storage.
However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.

THANK
YOU