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Gas

Exchang
e
Biochemistry Department

Human Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

Functions to
supply the body w/
O22 and remove CO22

Ventilation
Movement of air
into & out of the
lungs

Respiration is
actually 4 distinct
processes:

External
Respiration Gas
exchange btwn
blood and air-filled
chambers of the
lungs

Transport of Gases
Accomplished by
CV

Internal
Respiration Gas
exchange btwn
systemic blood
and the tissue
cells

The Respiratory System


The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to
exchange gases between the air and blood (external respiration)
and between blood and tissue fluids (internal respiration).

Inspiration and expiration move air in and out of the


lungs during breathing.
Cellular respiration is the final destination where ATP is
produced in cells.

Overview of Respiratory Exchange

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-1: Overview of oxygen and exchange and Transport CO2

Daltons Law of Partial


Pressures
States the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is
the sum of the pressures exerted individually by each gas
in the mixture.
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + Pn

We can restate this law as the total pressure exerted by


a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures
exerted by each gas.

Also, the partial pressure exerted by a gas is directly


proportional to its % in the mixture.

Gas Movement
Factors that can
influence the diffusion
of CO2 and O2 across the
respiratory membrane
include:

Partial pressure
gradients & solubilities

Matching of alveolar
ventilation w/
pulmonary perfusion

Thickness and surface


area of the respiratory
membrane

PP and Solubilities
Po2 of venous blood is 40mmHg. Po2 of alveolar air is
104mmHg.
What does this mean?

Pco2 of venous blood is 45mmHg. Pco2 of alveolar air is


40mmHg.
What does this mean?

Although the P is much greater for O2, since the


solubility of CO2 is so much larger equal amts of gas will
be exchanged.
What about exchange between the blood and the tissues?

Respiratory Membrane
In healthy lungs, the
respiratory membrane
is 0.5-1.0 um thick
and gas exchange is
efficient.

In pneumonia, the
thickness of the RM

How will this affect


the efficiency of gas
exchange?

The surface area of


healthy lungs is
enormous.

In emphysema, walls
of adjacent alveoli
break thru and the
size of the alveolar
chambers

How will this affect


lung surface area and
gas exchange?

O2 Transport
Molecular
oxygen in the
blood is either
dissolved in the
plasma (1.5%)
or bound to
hemoglobin w/i
the RBCs
(98.5%).

Each Hb can
bind 4 molecules
of O2 and this
binding is quite
reversible.

Hb containing
bound O2 is
oxyhemoglobin
and Hb w/o O2 is
deoxyhemoglobi
n.

Carbon
monoxide has an
extremely high
affinity for
hemoglobins
oxygen binding
site
Why is this bad?

O2 Transport
Loading and unloading of O2 is
given by a simple reversible
equation:

HHb+O2 HbO2 + H+

O2 binding is
cooperative
The binding of the 1st O2 molecule causes the Hb to change
shape which makes it easier for the 2nd O2 to bind. Binding of
the 2nd O2 makes it easier for the 3rd and binding of the 3rd makes
it easier for the 4th.

O2 Transport

As O2 loading
proceeds, the affinity
of Hb for O2

When Hb has 4
bound O2 molecules
it is saturated.
When it has 1,2, or
3 its unsaturated

When the saturation


of Hb is plotted
against the Po2, we
get the oxygenhemoglobin
dissociation curve.

Hb-O2 dissociation curve is


sigmoidal. Why?
Hb is almost completely saturated
at a Po2 of 70mmHg.
At pulmonary Po2 of 104mmHg, Hb
is completely saturated.
Even at the tissue Po2 of 40mmHg,
Hb is still 75% saturated
meaning that it still has 3
molecules of O2 bound to it.
Thus large amts of O2 are still available in
venous blood (the so-called venous
reserve)
As the tissue Po2 decreases, what happens
to the amt of O2 available in the venous

Factors affecting O2
binding

As cellular metabolism proceeds,


CO2, acids, and heat are all
generated.
As Pco2, [H+]Plasma, and
temperature , the affinity Hb has
for O2 will .
All these factors shift the Hb-O2
dissociation curve to the right.
What does all this mean and why
does it make sense?
The Bohr Effect

Carbon Dioxide
Transport
Carbon dioxide is
transported in the
blood in three
forms

Dissolved in
plasma 7 to
10%

Chemically bound
to hemoglobin
20% is carried in
RBCs

Bicarbonate ion in
plasma 70% is
transported as
bicarbonate
(HCO3)

CO2 Transport
7% is simply dissolved in plasma.

23% is bound to certain amino acids in the


polypeptide portion of Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)

70% is transported as HCO3-, the bicarbonate ion.


CO2 made in tissue cells will dissolve into the RBC
where it combines with water to yield carbonic
acid. Carbonic acid then dissociates to yield
bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion.

CO2 Transport
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

This rxn occurs in the RBCs because the


RBCs contain the enzyme (carbonic
anhydrase) that catalyzes both steps.
Once generated, the HCO3- exits the
RBC.
To maintain charge
balance, a Cl- enters the
RBC when the HCO3leaves.

This is known as
the chloride shift.

Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide


Carbon

dioxide diffuses into RBCs and combines


with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which
quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and
bicarbonate ions
CO2

Carbon
dioxide

In

H2O
Water

H2CO3
Carbonic
acid

H+
Hydrogen
ion

HCO3
Bicarbonat
e ion

RBCs, carbonic anhydrase reversibly catalyzes


the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to
carbonic acid

Transport and Exchange of Carbon


Dioxide

Figure 22.22a

Transport and Exchange of Carbon


Dioxide

At the
lungs,
these
processe
s are
reversed

Bicarbonate ions move into the


RBCs and bind with hydrogen
ions to form carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is then split by
carbonic anhydrase to release
carbon dioxide and water
Carbon dioxide then diffuses
from the blood into the alveoli

Transport and Exchange of Carbon


Dioxide

Figure 22.22b

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