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Exchang
e
Biochemistry Department
Functions to
supply the body w/
O22 and remove CO22
Ventilation
Movement of air
into & out of the
lungs
Respiration is
actually 4 distinct
processes:
External
Respiration Gas
exchange btwn
blood and air-filled
chambers of the
lungs
Transport of Gases
Accomplished by
CV
Internal
Respiration Gas
exchange btwn
systemic blood
and the tissue
cells
Gas Movement
Factors that can
influence the diffusion
of CO2 and O2 across the
respiratory membrane
include:
Partial pressure
gradients & solubilities
Matching of alveolar
ventilation w/
pulmonary perfusion
PP and Solubilities
Po2 of venous blood is 40mmHg. Po2 of alveolar air is
104mmHg.
What does this mean?
Respiratory Membrane
In healthy lungs, the
respiratory membrane
is 0.5-1.0 um thick
and gas exchange is
efficient.
In pneumonia, the
thickness of the RM
In emphysema, walls
of adjacent alveoli
break thru and the
size of the alveolar
chambers
O2 Transport
Molecular
oxygen in the
blood is either
dissolved in the
plasma (1.5%)
or bound to
hemoglobin w/i
the RBCs
(98.5%).
Each Hb can
bind 4 molecules
of O2 and this
binding is quite
reversible.
Hb containing
bound O2 is
oxyhemoglobin
and Hb w/o O2 is
deoxyhemoglobi
n.
Carbon
monoxide has an
extremely high
affinity for
hemoglobins
oxygen binding
site
Why is this bad?
O2 Transport
Loading and unloading of O2 is
given by a simple reversible
equation:
HHb+O2 HbO2 + H+
O2 binding is
cooperative
The binding of the 1st O2 molecule causes the Hb to change
shape which makes it easier for the 2nd O2 to bind. Binding of
the 2nd O2 makes it easier for the 3rd and binding of the 3rd makes
it easier for the 4th.
O2 Transport
As O2 loading
proceeds, the affinity
of Hb for O2
When Hb has 4
bound O2 molecules
it is saturated.
When it has 1,2, or
3 its unsaturated
Factors affecting O2
binding
Carbon Dioxide
Transport
Carbon dioxide is
transported in the
blood in three
forms
Dissolved in
plasma 7 to
10%
Chemically bound
to hemoglobin
20% is carried in
RBCs
Bicarbonate ion in
plasma 70% is
transported as
bicarbonate
(HCO3)
CO2 Transport
7% is simply dissolved in plasma.
CO2 Transport
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
This is known as
the chloride shift.
Carbon
dioxide
In
H2O
Water
H2CO3
Carbonic
acid
H+
Hydrogen
ion
HCO3
Bicarbonat
e ion
Figure 22.22a
At the
lungs,
these
processe
s are
reversed
Figure 22.22b