EBOLA

DISASTER
A total of 2,615 Ebola infections and 1,427 deaths
highest case fatality rates of any human virus, 88%
ETYMOLOGY
First recorded outbreak at,Yambuku in democratic
republic of congo (EBOLA RIVER)

VIRUS (Latinvirulentus)
Viruses do not contain enzymes for energy
production or protein synthesis.
smallinfectious agentthat replicates only inside the
livingcellsof other organisms

STROK
ES

YEAR

REGIONS
AFFECTED

DISCRIPTION

FIRST

1976

Democratic
republic of congo
(ZAIRE) & sudan

First outbreak of
Ebola.
Hemorrhagic
fever

SECOND

1989

Reston ,Virginia

mysterious
outbreak.
(initially
diagnosed as
Simian
hemorrhagic
fever virus
(SHFV)) among a
shipment of crabeating macaque
monkeys
imported from the
Philippines.
named Reston
ebolavirus
(REBOV)

3 Reasons EBOLA should never

come to india
1. High rate of spread: spreads very
quickly from one human to another
hence extremely dangerous in a densely
populated country like ours
2. Lack of healthcare services:
Healthcare services in our country are
abysmal to say the least. The doctorpatient ratio is skewed beyond belief

Ebola Taxonomy
Group : Group V (-)sense RNA
Order
: Mononegavirales
Family : Filoviridae
Genus : Ebolavirus
Speci
es

Bundibug
yo
(BDBV)

Sudan
(SUDV)

Tai forest
(TAFV)
Formerly
Cote dIvoire

Zaire
ebola
(EBOV)
The most
dangerous

Reston
(RESTV)
Nonhumans

STRUCTURE
Single-stranded, linear, nonsegmented
Filamentous - shape of U or 6
Coiled, toroid, or branched
19 kb length,60-80 nm in diameter
Negative-sense enveloped RNA (3
to 5 direction)
Spikes appearance
8 sub-genomic mRNA proteins: 7
structural and 1 nonstructural

Ebola Pathogenesis

Viral cores
Leakage
Enters Bloodstream
of blood
stack up in cell
Wbcs
and migrate to
skin, membranes,open wounds
the
cell
surface
Wbcs
Attach
dissolv
serumProduceattack
ebola
trans-membrane
proteins
to walls
e
into
Push through cell surface
Cell Level
surroundi
Become enveloped by cell
docks with cell membraneng tissue
membrane

Viral RNA

ProEntire
released into cytoplasm
Chemic
Blood ssRNA
inflammator
Genome
Mutations
body
production new
viral proteins
al
Permane
vessels Capable
y cytokines
leaks
of rapid mutation
release
nt
more very adaptable
Pro
and
to evadedhost
bleeding
damag
coagulants
dissolve
defenses
and environmental change
New viral genomes
s

rapidly coated in protein

create cores

ed

Also
released

Transmission
Environment to Human :
Fruit bats-natural reservoir
Gorilla, chimpanzee, monkey, porcupine, duiker
Human to human :
1. Direct contact
2. Contaminated medical equipment
3. Traditional burial rituals
4. Medical workers
5. Survivors(via semen for 2 months)

SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
1 Early symptoms
:
Influenza(fatigue,fever,headache,joint &
abdominal pain)
Vomiting,diarrhea
Loss of appetite
Sore throat,chest pain,hiccups,shortness of
breath, trouble swallowing
Weakness
Maculopular rash(50% cases)
Myalgia(muscular pain or tenderness),back
pain
Mucosal redness of the oral cavity

SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS

2 Acute symptoms :

Bleeding from puncture sites and

mucous membrane(eg.nose,gums and
gastrointestinal tract)
Internal and subcutaneous bleeding
anuria(absence of urine formation)
raddening of eyes,bloody vomit
Impaired blood clotting
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
which leads to death

EFFECT OF EBOLA
THE PATIENTS WILL HAVE DIARRHEA PHARYNGITIS.
THE INFLAMMATION OF THE THROAT AND EYE.
CAUSES SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE SKIN.
ATTACKS EVERY TISSUE AND ORGAN OF THE BODY EXCEPT
THE SKELETAL MUSCLES AND BONES.
CAN ATTACK THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES THAT ARE RAPIDLY
MULTIPLYING IN COLLAGEN.
CAUSES SMALL BLOOD CLOTS TO FORM IN THE
BLOODSTREAM OF THE PATIENT AND FORMS RED SPOT ON
THE SKIN
SPONTANEOUS BLEEDING THEN OCCURS FROM BODY
ORIFICES AND GAPS IN THE SKIN

EHF & EVD

EHF ( EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER ) :
Internal and External Bleeding
occurs
Genital swelling
Increased feeling of pain in the skin
Rash over the entire body that often
contains blood
Roof of mouth looks red
EVD ( EBOLA VIRUS
DISEASE ) :
Bleeding does not
occur

EBOLA IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES

NON-HUMAN PRIMATES HAVE BEEN A SOURCE OF INFECTION
FOR HUMANS
EBOLA OUTBREAKS FROM THE EBOV AND TAFV SPECIES HAVE
BEEN OBSERVED IN CHIMPANZEES AND GORILLAS.
RESTV HAS CAUSED SEVERE EVD OUTBREAKS IN MACAQUE
MONKEYS (MACACA FASCICULARIS).
RESTV VIRUSES HAVE BEEN DETECTED DURING SEVERAL
OUTBREAKS OF A DEADLY DISEASE IN PIGS IN PEOPLES
REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND PHILIPPINES.

CHRONOLOGY OF EBOLA VIRUS

DISEASE OUTBREAKS
COUNTRY

EBOLA
YEAR VIRUS CAS
SPEICE ES
S

DRC,

UGANDA
DRC,
UGANDA

DEAT
H
FATAL
ITY

88

50

56.81%

2012

BUNDIB
UGYO,S
UDAN

413

224

54.23%

2007

BUNDIB
UGYO,Z
AIRE

425

224

53%

315

254

81%

53

31

58.50%

UGANDA

SUDAN
2000

DRC

CASE

ZAIRE

1995
:COTE
DRC- DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF
TAI
CONGO
D`LOVIRE, 1994
FOREST,
GOBANA
ZAIRE

TABLE EBOLA OUTBREAKS,2014 (BY

WHO)
1. DRC

24 CASES,13 DEATHS.

2. GUINEA

607 CASES,406 DEATHS.

3. LIBERIA

1082 CASES,624
DEATHS.

4. NIGERIA
5. SIERRA LEONE

16 CASES, 5 DEATHS.
910 CASES, 392 DEATHS.

DRC= democratic
republic of congo

Anti-Fluenza:Avigan
ZMapp (JAPAN)
combination of antibodies (inactivate ebola virus)
is effective in primates, studies in humans yet to
be done(effectively treat 43% of animals
challenged with the Ebola virus)
WHO has given an ethical green light to the use
of these experimental therapies (testing on 2 nd
august)

would provide a medical tool to discourage the

use of Ebola virus as an agent of bioterrorism

PREVENTION OF EBOLA
Avoid contact with other infected
humans,animals
or objects
Raising awareness by IEC &BCC
Reducing human to human transmission
by use of PPE
Safe disposal of the dead
Active surveillance Contact tracing &
monitoring Reporting /Notification

PRECAUTIONS
Use Standard Precautions
Routine Hand washing
Handle and Dispose of Shar
Instruments Safely
Cook meat thoroughly
Environment Cleaning

FIVE TYPES OF HAND

HYGEINE

ISOLATION
PROCEDURES
Select Site for the Isolation Area
Isolation area must consist of :
1)An isolated toilet 2)Adequate ventilation
3)Screened windows

Plan How to Arrange the

Isolation Area

Gather Recommended Supplies

Bed and mattress, Plastic sheeting, One
thermometer, Covered container , Screens or
other barriers

Plan Disinfection for VHF-Contaminated

items using
1)Ordinary Household Bleach 2)Soap and Clean Water
3)Sterilization

Set Up Changing Rooms for patient-care

staf

Place Security
Barrier Around
Isolation Area

TREATMENT
No specific treatment available but
experimental ones are
Frequent dehydration and oral
rehydration with solutions containing
electrolytes or intravenous fluids.
Maintaining oxygen status and blood
pressure
Replacing lost blood
Treating other infections if they occur
Timely treatment of ebola is
difficult due to difficult diagnosis

VACCINES
No licensed vaccine for EVD is
available. Several vaccines are being
tested, but none are available for
clinical
use.in making vaccines
Difficulty
Obtain to obtain samples and study the
disease in remote areas where
outbreaks occur.
A high degree of biohazard
containment is required for laboratory
studies and clinical analysis.

 EFFECTS ON INDIA
ON TUESDAY 27 AUGUST 112 INDIAN CITIZENS AND 4
NEPALESE CITIZENS HAD LANDED FROM LIBERIA.
1 HAD FEVER SYMPTOMS AND HAD BEEN QUARANTINED.
OTHERS WERE SCREENED FOR EBOLA AND ALSO
QUARANTINED.
PASSENGERS TRAVELLING FROM AFFECTED COUNTRIES
WILL BE TRACKED FOR AT LEAST A MONTH (IDSP).
773 PASSENGERS ARE BEING TRACKED FOR EBOLA VIRUS.

 EFFECTS ON INDIA
A TOTAL OF 44,700 INDIANS ARE LIVING IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
HIT BY EBOLA.
A DEADLY VIRUS THAT HAS CLAIMED 932 LIVES SO FAR
300 ARE CRPF PERSONNEL DEPLOYED IN LIBERIA FOR UN
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS.
500 INDIANS WERE IN THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA, 3,000 IN LIBERIA
AND 1,200 IN SIERRA LEONE, FROM WHERE THE MAXIMUM CASES
HAVE BEEN REPORTED.
NIGERIA HAS A MUCH LARGER PRESENCE OF NEARLY
INDIAN CITIZENS.

40,000

BIOTERRORISM
NATURAL OUTBREAKS OF EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN AFRICA
ALARMED GLOBAL HEALTH EXPERTS.
RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT HUMAN ACCESSIBILITY TO THE VIRUS AND
HUMAN USAGES OF THE VIRUS FOR HARMFUL PURPOSES.
THEN TERRORIST GROUPS COULD USE THE RECENT OUTBREAK OF EBOLA
IN AFRICA TO THEIR ADVANTAGE. BY USING THE EBOLA VIRUS AS A
BIOLOGICAL WEAPON.
THIS PROSPECT IS WORTHY OF CONSIDERATION :
1.DUE TO THE HISTORY OF TERRORIST ATTACKS BY DIFFERENT GROUPS
IN THE AREA.
2.THE POTENTIAL FOR THESE GROUPS TO OBTAIN EBOLA IN THE FIELD
3.THE LACK OF POLITICAL CAPACITY IN THE REGION AND GLOBAL WILL
TO DEVELOP A VACCINE.
4.THE PATHOGENS NATURAL OCCURRENCE IN THE REGION.
ALTHOUGH DEADLY, EBOLA IS NOTORIOUSLY UNSTABLE WHEN REMOVED
FROM A HUMAN OR ANIMAL HOST, MAKING WEAPONIZATION OF THE VIRUS
UNLIKELY.

BIOTERRORISM
THE POSSIBILITY OF A DELIBERATE OUTBREAK IN EAST AFRICA
IS A GLOBAL HEALTH AND SECURITY ISSUE
TERRORISTS COULD HARNESS THE VIRUS AS A POWDER, LOAD
IT INTO A BOMB, AND THEN EXPLODE THE BOMB IN A HIGHLY
POPULATED AREA. IT COULD CAUSE A LARGE NUMBER OF
HORRIFIC DEATHS. - PETER WALSH
"THE THING ABOUT EBOLA IS THAT IT'S NOT EASY TO WORK
WITH, IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO WEAPONIZE. - DR. ROBERT
LEGGIADRO

PREPARED BY:-

1. SAISHANKAR MURALI

1215002

2. ALOK KUMAR ARYA

1215004

3. MAHENDRA
CHAUDARY

1215009

4. NILESH DAMA

1215012

5. AASHISH DOSHI

1215016

6. MAYUR GODAGE

1215019