EROL F.

AYUNON
Faculty
School of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis University

Winston Churchill:
A good speech should be
like a womans skirt:

long
enough to
cover
the
subject

themetapicture.com

and short enough to

create interest.

Triangulation Network of the

Philippines

From 1901 to 1911, the US Coast and

Geodetic Survey established several small
triangulation networks which had different
origins. In 1911, these small networks
were consolidated into the Luzon Datum
and became the primary reference of all
surveys in the Philippines.

1911
2007

Luzon Datum Origin: Balanacan Station,

Marinduque

Triangulation Network of the Philippines

USC&GS commenced fieldwork in January 1901 until end of

1926
Insurrection was still in progressthis accounts for the poor
figures and connections
Resulted in bits of second and third order triangulation
widely scattered throughout the islands- each on its own
datum (by astronomic observations)
In Luzon alone, 13 datum's were brought together into
Vigan Datum---this does not account for all the other
islands (Visayas and Mindanao)
Vigan Datum is only good for Luzon. In 1911, A new datum
was establish to cover the whole country>Luzon datum

Principal
Triangulation
stations of
The Philippine
Islands ---The
starting points
of all types of
survey in the
country
(Topographic,
Hydrographic
and Cadastral)

These are 2nd

order trig
stations
established
from 1900 to
1926

Triangulation Tower

LUZON DATUM OF 1911

All maps in Phil. were made using this datum
Reference Ellipsoid is Clarke 1866
a= 6,378,206.4m; b= 6,356,583.8m
f= 1/294.978
Datum Origin at Balanacan marked on the ground
Latitude
N 13 33 41.00
Longitude
E 121 52 3.00
Geiod/Spheroid separation is zero
Geodetic Surveys carried out by
Astronomical observation
Triangulation and Traverse

Luzon Datum Origin:

Balanacan Station, Marinduque

Improvement of Balanacan Station

Japanese datum origin,

TOKYO Datum
located at Azadubai,
Minato-ku, Tokyo

Station
Balanacan

THE PHILIPPINE PLANE

COORDINATE SYSTEM (PPCS)

In 1962, a new national civil Grid was introduced

for the Luzon Datum of 1911
The Philippine Transverse Mercator Grid has been
adopted as the official coordinate system for
surveying and mapping
Cadastral surveys were carried out and
referenced using the Philippine Plane Coordinate
System (PPCS) which was established in 1965
The PPCS of 1965 uses the Luzon Datum of 1911
as its datum and the Philippine Transverse
Mercator (PTM) as its map projection

CHARACTERISTICS

1. Spheroid

: Clarkes Spheroid of 1866.

2. Projection : Transverse Mercator,

in zones of two degrees
net width.
3. Point of Origin
: Intersection of Equator
and the Central Meridian
of each zone, with a Northing
of 0 meter and an Easting
of 500,00 meters.

A new network established using GPS

under the Geodetic Survey Component of
the Natural Resources Management and
Development
Project
(NRMDP),
an
Australian
assisted
project
of
the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR).
This new network has a more
accurate
and
homogeneous
set
of
coordinates, referred to the Clark 1866
spheroid and the modified Luzon Datum
which is named Philippine Reference
System 1992.

The
Philippine
Reference
System of 1992 (PRS92)was
then adopted in 1992 under
Executive Order (EO)No. 45 of
the Ramos Administration. This
new national geodetic network is
an upgraded version of the PGN.
It
has
a
higher
precision
standard
of
a
homogenous
geodetic network which uses
Global Positioning System(GPS)
technology in acquiring and
representing facts about land
data and information

Legal Bases
E.O. 45, s. 1993
Transition Period : Until 2000

E.O. 280, s. 2000

Transition Period : Until 2005

E.O. 321, s. 2004

Transition Period : Until 2010

What is PRS92?
PRS92 consists of a
national network of
geodetic control points
(GCPs), marked by survey
monuments , that have
been established using
Global Positioning
System (GPS).`

What is PRS92?

By law, it is the countrys standard

survey and mapping reference
coordinate system.

An upgrade of the Luzon Datum of

1911.

Established in 1992 through the Natural

Resource Management and
Development Project (NRMDP) of the
DENR in collaboration with the
Government of Australia.

Why Do We Need PRS 92?

Large errors were detected in the old

triangulation network this makes it
nonhomogeneous, justifying the need to create a
new system (Phil. Reference System 92)
There is a need for an accurate homogeneous
national geodetic framework for improved
economic status through better land
management.
PRS 92 is related to WGS 84 which is a global
geodetic reference system used in surveying and
navigation.

GPS Coordinate System

GPS uses WGS 84 ellipsoid

a= 6,378,137m; b=6,356,752.314m
f= 1/298.25722
Geocentric Datum
Cartesian coordinate system is the
system used by GPS in defining the
location of a point in space. It use
distances in the X,Y and Z axes from
the origin (center of ellipsoid)

Global Positioning System

By EROL F. AYUNON

World Scenario GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS

Developed by the United States Department of Defense, GPS is

officially named NAVSTAR GPS
Other satellite navigation systems in use or various states of
development include:
Beidou China's regional system that China has proposed to
expand into a global system named COMPASS.
Galileo a proposed global system being developed by the
European Union, joined by China, Israel, India, Morocco, Saudi
Arabia, South Korea, and Ukraine, planned to be operational by
201112.
GLONASS Russia's global system which is being restored to full
availability in partnership with India.
Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) India's
proposed regional system.
QZSS Japanese proposed regional system, adding better
coverage to the Japanese Islands.

NAVSTAR-GPS
NAVigation
System with
Time
And
Ranging
Global
Positioning
System.
(NAVSTARGPS)

GPS --Shortened form of NAVSTAR GPS.

--It is a solution for one of mans oldest and most
troublesome problem
--Provides an answer to the question where on
earth am I?

Where on earth am i?

After WW II it became apparent to U.S. DoD that a

solution had to be found to the problem of accurate,
absolute positioning.
Several projects and experiments ran during the next
25 years, including:
-- Transit, Loran, Decca etc.
-- All of these projects allowed positions to be
determined but were limited in accuracy or
functionality.
During the 70s, GPS project was proposed
-- This concept promised to fulfill all the requirements
of the U.S. Govt. to be able to:
-- Determine ones position accurately
-- at any point on the earths surface
-- at any time
-- in any weather.

Global Positioning Systems

GPS is a revolutionary navigation

system
24 satellites orbiting the earth + 3 spare
Provide location within meters or less
anywhere on the globe.
Created and operated by the US Department of
Defense

More about GPS satellites

Orbit 12,600 miles above earth

(10,900 nautical miles)

Satellites in 12 hour orbit

First satellite launched in 1978, 24th
became operational in 1994
Selective availability was removed in
May, 2000

GPS

Accuracy is: hiker or soldier15m; A ship in coastal

waters 5m; land surveyor 1cm or less.
GPS can be used to achieve these accuracies in all of
these applications, the difference being:
-- type of GPS receiver used
-- technique employed
GPS was originally designed for military use . Soon after
the original proposals were made, it became clear that
civilians could also use GPS, not only for personal
positioning but for marine and surveying as well.
Applications range from in-car navigation to scientific
research.

System Overview
Space Segment

User Segment
Monitor Stations
Diego Garcia
Ascension Is.
Kwajalein
Hawaii

Colorado
Springs
Colorado Springs

Control Segment

Space Segment
satellites orbiting the earth
Designed for 24 Satellites
Minimum 4 sats visible
above 15deg cut-off
angle at any point of the
earths surface at any
one time
Orbits at 20,200 km
(12,600 mi) every 12
hours
Equipped with
four(4)very accurate
atomic clocks 2 cesium
& 2 rubidium
Life span- 10 yrs

Altitude
20,200 km
10,900 nm

Earth in a Cage of Satellites

Control Segment

Consists of 1 master control station

5 monitor stations & 4 ground antennas distributed among 5 locations
Hawaii, Colorado springs, Ascension, Diego Garcia, kwajalein
Checks satellite position, altitude & speed by means of radar
Transmits correction to satellites
Calibrates & synchronizes their clocks

Control Segment
USAF Space
Command

Hawaii

Cape
Canaveral

Ascension
Is.

Master Control Station

Monitor Station
Ground Antenna

Diego
Garcia

Kwajalein
Atoll

USER SEGMENT
anybody that receives and uses the GPS signal

User Segment
Multiple Applications:
GIS Data Capture
Vehicle Tracking
Marine/ Vehicle Navigation
Surveying
Emergency Services
Aviation
Precise Positioning
Agriculture
Photogrammetry
Recreation (hiking etc)
Underwater video mapping
Many more ... and more to
follow

How does GPS work?

How does GPS work?

How does GPS work?

How to Calculate a Position

Measure the Distance to the Satellites

Position Computation

All GPS positions are based on

measuring the distance from the
satellites to the GPS receiver.
The basic idea is that of resection, if
you know the distance to three
known points relative to your own
position, you can determine your
own POSITION relative to those
three points.

How to Calculate Distance

Speed of Light
x Travel Time
Distance

Time signal
signal left
left satellite
satellite
Time
Time current
current
Time

Calculating Distance

By the formula D = VT
V= VELOCITY of radio
signal=299,792km/sec
T= TIME taken for the radio signal to
travel from the satellite to receiver.

Measuring distance by measuring time

Satellites send coded signals indicating their
position in space and the exact time the signals
are being sent
Receivers use the time it takes signal to travel
from satellite to receiver to determine distance
from satellite to receiver
Information from multiple satellites is used to
determine position through triangulation

GPS Coordinate System

GPS uses WGS 84 ellipsoid

a= 6,378,137m; b=6,356,752.314m
f= 1/298.25722
Geocentric Datum
Cartesian coordinate system is the
system used by GPS in defining the
location of a point in space. It use
distances in the X,Y and Z axes from
the origin (center of ellipsoid)

More about GPS receivers

A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or

more satellites, figure out the distance to
each, and use this information to deduce
its own location.
Hand-held receivers for recreational
use with accuracy of 10-15 meters
Vehicle mounted receivers for
navigation or agricultural use with
accuracy of < 1 meter
Backpack or tripod mounted receivers
for surveying use with accuracy of 5
10 centimeters

More about GPS receivers

Receivers require clear line-of-sight; thus, they will not

work indoors or where tall objects obscure the sky

Types Of GPS Receiver

Handheld- small light weight (like cell phones), single

frequency, used by a hiker or a soldier. Good for searching
people and places. Accuracy =+/-15m
Marine bigger than handhelds, usually single frequency,
can be on natural or differential mode, used by ships in
high seas and coastal waters. Good for positioning depths
in hydrographic surveys. Accuracy = +/- 15m (Natural) or
+/- 0.50m (Diff)
Geodetic can be as small as handhelds, single or dual
frequency, used by land surveyors. Good for positioning
geodetic control points.
Accuracy = +/- 5 to 15m(autonomous)
= +/-5 to 50cm (RTK)
= millimeter (Post processed)

Types of GPS Receivers

Mapping/GIS Grade

Survey Grade

Inside the GPS antenna

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

A geographic coordinate
system employs latitude,
longitude, and elevation to
devise a unique statement
of position for each earth
feature.

Latitude: the north-south

angular distance from the
equator

Longitude, the east-west

angular distance from a
prime meridian.

Cartesian & Geodetic Coordinates

Z

Cartesian
coordinates (X, Y,
Z)
Geodetic
coordinates
Y (Lat, Long, Ht)

X
Y

Latitude & Longitude

Prime Meridian
(Longitude)

30
N

10
N

Equator
(Latitude)

10

Point of
Origin

Heights & GEOIDS

GPS heights are given in relation to the surface of the

WGS84 Ellipsoid (Ellipsoidal Ht).
Existing heights are orthometric heights measured relative
to mean sea level.
Mean sea level corresponds to a surface known as GEOID.
The geoid can be defined as an equipotential surface, i.e.
the force of gravity is constant at any point on the geoid.
The geoid is of irregular shape and does not correspond to
any ellipsoid.
The density of the earth have an effect on the geoid-causing it to rise in the more dense regions and fall in less
dense regions.

N = Geoid-ellipsoid separation
-N geoid is below ellipsoid
+N geoid is above ellipsoid

(Ellipsoid height)
(Geoid height)

(h-H)

WGS84 Geoid

Radar Image

Whats so cool about GPS?

GPS units

Can
Can
Can
Can
Can

be used as a digital compass

be used to determine ground speed
store landmarks (locations)
be used for dynamic routing
be used for mapping applications

Applications of GPS

In-vehicle Navigation (car, boat, airplane)

Asset Management
Construction
Geologic Research & Mining
Military Navigation and Operations
Mapping & Surveying
Precision Agriculture
Public Health
Public Safety
Wireless Communications

Land Survey
Applications

Land survey
application 1
Establishment
of geodetic control
network

PRS92
network
1989-1992

PRS92
(2009)

Active Geodetic Network

(AGN) scheme

Land survey
application 2
Land subsidence
monitoring

Mayon subsidence
monitoring using GPS

Mayon
GPS
stations

MAL

CAL
MRH
NBN
SAN

UAN

PAL

TIN

LHO

Lignon GPS
station
(Mayon
Volcano)

Land survey
application 3
Bridge subsidence
monitoring

GPS receiver on bridge

suspension cable

Monitoring
movement of
worlds longest
suspension
bridge in
Japan, in realtime, mm
accuracy; three
GPS receivers
connected by
fiber optic
cable.

Bridge load monitoring

Land survey
application 4
Precision farming

Land survey
application 5
Railroad and
elevated railway
surveys

GPS in
railroad
surveys

Land survey
application 6
Tide station
positioning

GPS in tide
station
positioning

GPS
software
inside
tide
station

Land survey
application 7
Wind load monitoring
of tall buildings

Land survey
application 8
GPS-assisted
hydrographic surveys

GPS-assisted
hydrographic
survey

Inshore hydrographic survey

River
survey

Land survey
application 9
GPS-assisted
site-grading

GPSguided
grader

Earth-moving with GPSassisted bulldozer

Land survey
application 9
Project controls
Political boundary
survey

Bacolor GPS controls

Y
#

PGM 63 (=STR-8)

Bacolor GPS controls

LEGEND
Y
#
BBM
Y
#
BLBM
Y
#
BLLM
MBM
[
%
Z PGM
$

BLLM#9

Z
$

MBM 6-A
[
%

BLLM#19

Y
#

PGM 60 (=STR-5)

Z
$

BLBM 1-A

BBM 7

Y
#

#
Y
Y
#

#
Y
Y BLBM 2-A
#

Scale 1:50000
1

2 Kilometers

[
%

BLLM 1-A
BLLM 2-A
MBM 12-A

MBM 11-A

[
%

11 control points
Recovery of old stations: 5 days
GPS observations (3 receivers): 1 day
Data processing: 1 day

Credit: Noel Ubaldo/

http://www.mbpictureperfect.com

Technology Self-Test

ETS
GNSS/GPS/RTK
LiDAR/TLS
InSAR
UAS/UAV
HRSI

Technology Self-Test

4-6:
3:
2:
1:
0:

Up-to-date, current
5 years late
10 years late
20 years late
?

ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION

A Total Station is a modern surveying

instrument that integrates an electronic
theodolite with an electronic distance
meter.
A theodolite uses a movable telescope
to measure angles in both the
horizontal and vertical planes.
Traditionally they are manual
instruments that come in two types transit, which rotates in a full circle in
the vertical plane, and non-transit,
rotating in a half-circle.

Total Stations use electronic transit

theodolites in conjunction with a
distance meter to read any slope
distance from the instrument to any
particular spot. They are hence two
essential surveying instruments in
one and when used with other
technology such as mapping
software are able to deliver the 'total'
surveying package, from measuring
to mapping.

Smart
Station
GPS+ETS

Real Time Kinematic (RTK)

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) satellite
navigation is a technique used to enhance
the precision of position data derived from
satellite-based positioning systems, being
usable in conjunction with GPS, GLONASS
and/or Galileo. It uses measurements of the
phase of the signals carrier wave, rather
than the information content of the signal,
and relies on a single reference station to
provide real-time corrections, providing up
to centimetre-level accuracy. With reference
to GPS in particular, the system is
commonly referred to as Carrier-Phase
Enhancement

Light
Intensity
Detection
and
Ranging
(LiDAR)

LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and

Ranging, is a remote sensing method that
uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to
measure ranges (variable distances) to the
Earth. These light pulsescombined with
other data recorded by the airborne system
generate precise, three-dimensional
information about the shape of the Earth and
its surface characteristics.
A LIDAR instrument principally consists of a
laser, a scanner, and a specialized GPS
receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the
most commonly used platforms for acquiring
LIDAR data over broad areas.

3D crater from LiDAR

Lidar data in
flood modelling

Terrestrial
Laser
Scanner

Laser scanning is a relatively new technology,

having been used as a precise survey instrument
only since 1998. Now, it is quickly becoming the
new industry standard as a way to make very
accurate measurements in complicated
environments. This is precisely why using this
technology is the best solution for measuring asbuilt conditions inside buildings. This instrument
collects survey data points at a rate of 50,000
points per second. It has an effective range of
400 to 500. With several scan setups inside a
room or of a building, a complete 3D model can
be made of the existing conditions. These models
are then used to create 2D civil or architectural
drawings, 3D computer models, and final survey
documents.

InSAR
Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, abbreviated InSAR
or IfSAR, is a radar technique used in geodesy and remote
sensing. This geodetic method uses two or more synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) images to generate maps of surface
deformation or digital elevation, using differences in the
phase of the waves returning to the satellite or aircraft. The
technique can potentially measure centimetre-scale changes
in deformation over spans of days to years. It has
applications for geophysical monitoring of natural hazards,
for example earthquakes, volcanoes and landslides, and in
structural engineering, in particular monitoring of
subsidence and structural stability.

PRS92

UAS/UAV
Unmanned Aerial
System/Vehicle
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly
known as a drone and also referred to as an
unpiloted aerial vehicle and a remotely piloted
aircraft (RPA)
Their flight is controlled either autonomously by
onboard computers or by the remote control of a
pilot on the ground or in another vehicle. The
typical launch and recovery method of an
unmanned aircraft is by the function of an
automatic system or an external operator on the
ground.

HRSI
High-Resolution Satellite
Image
GeoEye: 50cm
Quickbird: 61cm
Ikonos: 1 m

Tacloban GeoEye Images

23 Feb 2012

13 Nov 2013

Credit: Digital Globe/Getty Images

Tacloban GeoEye Images

23 Feb 2012

13 Nov 2013

Credit: Digital Globe/Getty Images

Tacloban GeoEye Images

23 Feb 2012

13 Nov 2013

Credit: Digital Globe/Getty Images

TAKE-HOME
MESSAGE

Your wealth, fame

and power will no longer
be relevant.

It will not matter

what you
owned
or
what you were owed.

Batad's Amphitheatre Rice Terraces

(Credit: An

Your grudges, resentments,

frustrations and jealousies
will finally disappear.
So, too, your
hopes, ambitions and plans.

Boracay's Seascape at Sundown

(Credit: Ange

The wins and losses that

once seemed so
important will fade away.

Camiguin's Sandbar Mt. Hibok-Hibok

(Credit: Ang

It wont matter
whether you
were beautiful
or brilliant.

So, what will matter? How

will the value of your days
be measured?

Lightning over Manila

(Credit: I Love Philippines!!! Gree

What will matter

is not what you got,
but what you gave.

cloban 2013. Credit: Reuters/John Javellana

What will matter

is not your success,
but your significance.

Bislig's Tinuy-an Falls Surigao del Norte

(Credit: Ang

What will matter

is not what you learned,
but what you taught.

Coron's Kayangan Cove

(Credit: Ang

What will matter

is not your competence,
but your character.

Banaue Rice Terraces

(Credit:Sabrina Iovino/JustOneWayT

What will matter

is
how long
you will be
remembered,
by whom
and for
what.
El Nido

(Credit: Rolen

Living a life that matters

does not happen
by accident.

Its not a matter of

circumstance but of
CHOICE.

CHOOSE TO LIVE A LIFE

THAT MATTERS!

Manila at twilight

www.lakwatsero.

(Credit: An

THANK YOU!