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Presentation Text for Seminar in Biochemistry
Environmental Studies MSc.- Aut. 2013
Effect of Plant Pollution on Neurotransmitters
Supervised By:
Dr. Fatma El Demerdash
Presented By:
Dalia Elsayed
Presentation Objectives:
Link between plant pollution and its effect on
neurotransmitters
Recognize the importance to keep
neurotransmitters free from negative effects
Link between natural mechanisms and life
Presentation Main Topics:
Environment
Pollution
Plant pollution
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters and plant pollution
Introduction
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41
Pre-known fact from ALLAH, glorified and exalted
be He, is clearly shown by the verse. ALLAH tells us
about what will happen in all ages that is gradually
occurred.
We'll show the relation between the surrounding
environment and the human health and behavior in
the next figure.
Environment
Definition
The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal,
or plant lives or operates:
survival in an often hostile environment, i.e. the setting or
conditions in which a particular activity is carried on: a
good learning environment.
The natural world, as a whole or in a particular
geographical area, especially as affected by human activity:
i.e. the impact of pesticides on the environment.
Pollution
Pollution is the addition to the ecosystem of something
which has a detrimental effect on it. One of the most
important causes of pollution is the high rate of energy
usage by modern, growing populations.
All Of Wise
Plant Pollution:
This expression is not recorded, but it means the pollution type
that affects plant.
Pollution Effects On Plants and Trees
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances
that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human health or
produce other measured effects on living matter and other
materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and
heat generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes,
and, especially, transportation. The six major types of pollutants
are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
particulates, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.
Pesticides
Pesticides, sometimes, are classified as type of:
Air Pollution, due to spray in air- Water Pollution, due to mixing
with water- Soil Pollution, due to absorption by soil- Or separate
pollution type, due to its large effect and deep study.
Pesticides are created and used to kill weeds or pests.
Unfortunately, their harmful health effects do not always end with
the pests or weeds they eliminate. A number of the pesticides
currently on the market are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic
or toxic to the nervous system, development or reproduction.
Health effects of a variety of pesticides range from irritation of
skin and eyes, to nervous system damage, to cancer.
All aerial portions of the plant are covered by cuticle. The cuticle
inside the stomatal chamber is more polar than the cuticle on the
leaf surface, and the under leaf surface cuticle is more polar than
the upper surface cuticle. The polarity of the cuticle increases
from the waxy leaf surface toward pectins in cell walls and to the
aqueous environment of the cell.
The outer portion of the cuticle favors the entry of relatively
nonpolar
pesticides
like
1,1,
l-trichloro2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) or the long-chain alkyl esters of 2,4dichloro- phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The inner portion of the
cuticle favors passage of more polar compounds like 2,4-D acid
but restricts the passage of lipophyllic compounds like DDT.
Thus, DDT residues in plants are usually surface residues which
can be removed with solvents which remove the outer cuticle.
Metabolism .
Types of Neurotransmitters
I- Acetylcholine (ACh)- The enzyme choline acetlytransferase
makes ACh by combining
Acetyl CoA + Choline. ACh is involved in muscle contractions,
heart rate, and other behaviors.
II- Monoamines
a) Serotonin (5-HT)- 5-HT appears to be involved in regulating
mood.
b) Dopamine (DA)- DA appears to be involved in reward and
initiating movement.
c) Norepinephrine (NE )- NE appears to contribute to many
behaviors (heart rate, mood, etc.).
III- Amino Acids
a) Glutamate- Glutamate probably contributes to all behavior.
b) GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)- The loss of GABAergic
neurons will result in seizures because neurons are not inhibited.
IV- Peptides
Example: Enkephalin (5 amino acids)-involved in blocking pain.
Neurotoxicity of OPs
The primary mechanism of OPs toxicity involves inhibition of the
enzyme AcHE. AcHE is found in synaptic membranes, where it
degrades, through its hydrolytic activity, the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, producing choline and acetate, a reaction important
for the regulation of synaptic activity in the central and
peripheral neural system. OP cholinesterase inhibitors block the
function of acetylcholinesterase, causing the accumulation of
excessive acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This causes
neurotoxic effects such as neuromuscular paralysis (i.e.
continuous muscle contraction) throughout the entire body
(Gupta, 2006).
OPs inhibits AcHE by forming covalent bond between OP and the
active site of AcHE. Spontaneous hydrolysis of OP from the active
site is very slow, sometimes irreversible, resulting in long-term
toxic effects. Novel OPs are altered in such a way that
spontaneous hydrolysis of the OP-AcHE complex is accelerated
(Gupta, 2006).