Electrotechnics and

Theory Electrical
and industrial
applications of
Machines
electricity
o Basic electrical phenomena
o Laws of electrotechnics &
applications
o DC circuits & Kirccoffs laws
o Single phase & three phase AC
circuits
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

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Electric charge
Electric charge is a physical property of
matter that causes it to experience a force
-19
elementary
charge:
e- =charged
- 1.60210
C
when
near other
electrically
matter
o positive charged body has lost
electrons
o positive charge attracted by
negative and repelled by positive
charge
o negative charged body has
gained electrons
onegative charge attracted by
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Universitatea Tehnica
din Cluj-Napoca,
Facultatea deby
Constructii
de Masini
positive
and
repelled
negative

Electric charge
Electrification by friction
(triboelectric effect)
glass + resin rubbed
together and then
separated,
will attract each other

glass
+++++

F
F

-----

resin

Triboelectric series

nylon

glass

quartz

PS

resin

PVC

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

3/24

Electric Field
Q

q
+

field
source

F = qE

test
charge

[E] = V/m
[D] = C/m2
0 = 1/(4910 9) F/m

E electric field strength

F electric field force
D = 0E electric induction
(electric displacement)
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

4/24

Electric Field Lines. Coulombs Law

+
dl

E dl

field line

E X dl = 0

Coulombs Law
F12 = F21= q1q2/(40r2)
F12 = q1E2 >> E2 = q2/(40r2)
F21 = q2E1 >> E1 = q1/(40r2)

E = qr/(40r3)

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

5/24

Coulombs Law. Applications

q1
F12
-

F21

q2
+

d = 1 mm

q1 = 1 pC
q2 = 2 pC
F12 = F21 = ?

F12 = F21 = q1q2/(40r2) = 210-24/(4010-6) = 210-8 N

spheres, 2r = 100 m
= 1300 kg/m3 (PVC)
F12/Fg = ?

Fg = Vg = (4r3/3)g
Fg = 13004(510-5)39.81/3
Fg = 6.810-9 N
F12/Fg = 210-8/6.810-9 = 3

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

6/24

Electric Voltage. Electric Potential

The voltage between two points of a path is
expressed as the line integral of the electric
field.

B
dl

A
E

+
dl
P

VA = Edl = Edlcos
UAB = Edl = Edlcos
[V] = V
[U] = V U = V - V
AB
A
B
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

7/24

Electric polarization
When a dielectric is placed in an external
electric field its molecules gain electric dipole
moment and the dielectric is said to be
polarized
Electric dipole moment
+q
electric
dipole
electric polarization effects on
a material in an electric field

-q

p
p = qd

+
d
[p] = Cm

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

8/24

Electric polarization
Polarization density: P = dp/dV

[P] = C/m2

Polarization law: P = 0eE

e electric susceptibility
Relation between D, E and P
D = 0E + P = 0E + 0eE = 0(1 + e)E
1 + e = r - relative permittivity
2
D
=
E
[D]
=
C/m
D = 0 r E
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

9/24

Electric capacitor
A capacitor consists of two conductors
separated by an electrical insulator
(dielectric)
U

+q

+ + + + + + + + + +

- - - - - - - - - -

-q

Capacitance
C = q/U
[C] = F

a typical electrolytic
capacitor

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

10/24

Electric capacitors

C = 0rl/ln(R2/R1)
(r
)
C = 0r A/d

C = 40r/
(1/R1-1/R2)

WC = (1/2)qU = (1/2)CU2 = (1/2)q2/C [J]

wC = WC/V = (1/2)0rE2 [J/m3]
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

11/24

Electric current
q1
V1

q2
V2

V1 = V2
i = dq/dt

q1
V1

[i] = A

q2
V2

The electric current is defined to be the rate of

which charges pass through a crosssectional area of the conductor
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

12/24

Current density
vdt

+
J

dA

i = JdA
[J] = A/m2
J = qnvd

+
+
+

++ +
+
v
+ -+
+
q

i
n = number of charge carriers
per unit of volume
q = charge of each carrier
vd = drift speed (speed of charge
carriers)

q = qnV = qnAvdt
i = q/t = qnAvd

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

13/24

Ohms law
In a material the current density J is linearly
dependent on the external electric field E
J = E
material conductivity

[] = S/m

E = J
material resistivity

[] = m

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

14/24

Ohms law
uAB = VA VB =
uAB

lAB

(J = i/A)

Edl = ElAB
E

J = E = uAB/lAB
uAB = JlAB/
uAB = JlAB

uAB = ilAB/A = iRAB

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

15/24

Ohms law
Conductor resistance : RAB = lAB/A
R = l/A

[R] =

Macroscopic version of the Ohms law

u = Ri
Conductivity of some conductive materials:
Silver (Ag): = 6.3107 S/m, = 0.0038 1/C
Copper (Cu): = 5.8107 S/m, = 0.0039 1/C
Aluminium (Al): = 3.5107 S/m, = 0.0039 1/C
Iron (Fe): = 1.0107 S/m, = 0.0045 1/C
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

16/24

DC circuits
DC = Direct Current unidirectional flow of electric charges
DC supplies E (EMF = electromotive force)
Resistors

R (resistance)

Branch

part of the electric circuit

without connections

I1

Node

Loop

junction point of at least 3 branches

2

closed path in the electric

circuit

I4

I2
I3

1
n

Rk

Ek

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

17/24

DC circuits. Kirchhoffs laws

Kirchhoffs current law
The algebraic sum of all the currents into a node must be
equal to zero

(Ik) = 0

The sum of the currents entering the node

must be equal to the sum of the currents exiting the
I1 node
I2

(Iin) = (Iout)
I1 I2 I3 +I4 = 0

I4

I3

I 1 + I 4 = I2 + I3

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

18/24

DC circuits. Kirchhoffs laws

Kirchhoffs voltage law
The algebraic sum of all the voltage drops U across a
closed loop must be equal to zero

(U) = 0
The algebraic sum of the EMF within the
closed loop must be equal to the algebraic sum of the
voltage drops of all resistors within the same loop

(Ek) = (RkIk)
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

19/24

DC circuits. Kirchhoffs laws

Kirchhoffs voltage law

I1

E1

R1

I2

E1 + E2 - E3 =

R2
R4

travel direction

R1I1 + R2I2 - R3I3 - R4I4

E2

I4
I3

E3

R3

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

20/24

DC circuits. Kirchhoffs laws

Application

Kirchhoffs current low:

I1 + I4 = I6
I2 + I5 = I1
I3 + I6 = I2
Kirchhoffs voltage law:
R1I1 + R5I5 R4I4 = E5
R2I2 + R3I3 R5I5 = -E5
R6I6 + R4I4 R3I3 = E6

R1

R2

I5
I1

I2

E5
I4

I3
R5

R4

R3
R6

E6
I6

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

21/24

DC circuits. Kirchhoffs laws

Application
R1 = 2
R2 = 2
R3 = 4
E1 = 20 V
E2 = 10 V
UR3 = ?

I1
E1

R1
I3
R3

I2

I1 = I2 + I3
E1 = R1I1 + R3I3
E2 = R2I2 - R3I3

E2
R2

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

22/24

Joule Lenz law (Joule effect)

I

I
U

DC
circuit

U R

P =RI2
P =UI
P = U2/R
[P] = W

The rate of energy loss (heat) generated by

a constant current in any part of an
electrical circuit is proportional to the
resistance and to the square of the current
Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

23/24

Joule Lenz law (Joule effect)

I
E U

U = 230 V
R = 80
I=?
P=?

I
U R

P =UI
U=E
P = EI
U = 230 V
P = 1.5 kW
(d = 1.38 mm)
U
I=?
R=?
J=?

I
R

Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj-Napoca, Facultatea de Constructii de Masini

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