An Insight Into Embedded System Design: Pantech Solutions PVT LTD Chennai-17

An Insight into Embedded
system Design
Pantech solutions Pvt Ltd

Chennai-17
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
ESD Development Cycle
Hardware Selection & Pitfalls
Protocols
Wireless Communications
Summary
Conclusion
Questions?
2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved
Intelligent Systems
Gadgets are increasingly becoming Intelligent and

Autonomous.
The Intelligence of these Smart Devices resides in

Embedded Systems.
What is Embedded System in General?

It is a combination of Computer Hardware, Software
and perhaps additional Mechanical Parts, designed to
perform a Specific Function.
Desktop Vs. Embedded System
In contrast to Desktops that performs a Variety of Tasks,

an Embedded System performs a Single, Well-Defined
Task.
The System has a Processor, Associated Peripherals, and

Software for a Specific Purpose.
For example, in a Mobile Phone the Embedded Processor

needs to Process Voice (to Send and Receive Speech
Signals) as well as implement Communication Protocols.
The Hardware is Custom Built for the Specific Purpose.
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Summary
Conclusion
Questions?
5 Key Markets
Communications
Communications
Security
Security
Reliability
Reliability
Core
CoreOS
OS
Network Infrastructure
Digital Consumer
Aerospace & Defense
Industrial
Automotive
Middleware
Middleware
Services
Services
Management
Management
Development
DevelopmentTools
Tools
Generalization of Application Areas
Embedded Systems cover such a broad range of products

that generalization is difficult. Here are some broad
categories:
Aerospace
and Defense Electronics

Automotive
Broadcast and Entertainment
Consumer and Internet Appliances
Data Communication
Digital Imaging
Industrial Measurement and Control
Telecommunications
Mobile Data Infrastructures etc.
Digital Consumer Markets
Broadband Access
Interactive Digital TV
Digital Cameras,
Printers, MFPs, Scanners, Fax
Mobile & Handheld
Cable, Satellite and Terrestrial STBs

HDTVs
Digital Imaging
Cable, xDSL modems, Home Gateways

Home Media Servers
Mobile phones
PDAs
Digital Audio/Video
Web-Tablets
Screenphones
In The Connected Home
Sony AirBoard
IDT-LF1 Wireless
Internet TV
CMI Digital IceBox

Kitchen Appliance
Fuji Film FinePix 40i

Digital Camera
Polaroid Ceiva
Internet Picture Frame
B&O HDTV
Media Server Gateway

Toshiba SD-9200
DVD Player
Compaq iPaq Music

Center
Digital Jukebox
Apple Airport II
with iMac
Sharp NC20
Internet Screen Phone
Sony NW-E3
Network Walkman
Industrial Market and

Applications Power Control
Industrial Automation
Motion Control
Process Control
Semiconductor
Manufacturing
Robotics
Chemical
Steel production
Waste & water
Paper & pulp
Medical
Building Automation
Generation
Power
Distribution
Load Balancing
Demand
regulation
Environmental
controls
Security
Systems
Radiation
MRI
Ultrasound
Instrumentation
Smart transducers
Recorders
Oscilloscopes
Market Trends
Emissions Regulations
Safety
Fuel Economy
Assembly Costs
Connectivity
Personalization (smart cards)
Automotive Electronics
Under the Hood

Engine
Transmission
ABS, VSC, TC
Airbags
Cruise control
HVAC
Security and
entry
Connectivity
Radio
GPS
Satellite
Electronic tolls
Cellular
(2G,2.5G,3G)
Transponders (to the
roadside & home)
Infotainment
Radio
CD
DVD
Navigation
Toll payment
Satellite radio
Telematic
transceiver
Consumer Devices
Cell phone/pager
PDA
Headset
MP3
Cameras
Laptop
Games
Market Structure
Satellite Radio
XM Radio
Sirius
Vehicle OEMs
GM, Ford, Daimler,
BMW, Toyota,
Suppliers
Tier-1 Auto Suppliers

Delphi, Bosch, Visteon,
Denso, Siemens, Becker,
Consumer Product
Cos
Sony, Pioneer, Alpine,
Clarion, Thales,
Service Providers
OnStar
Wingcast
TeleAid
Targa
Vodofone
DoCoMo
Fiat Research Center
Fiat CRF Sysnet: Driver and passenger multimedia

services
Example Application: Fuel Cell Engine Controller

Company: XCellsis Fuel Cell Engines
Application: Fuel Cell Engine Controller (heavy-duty transit bus)
Description:
Fuel cell engine controller regulates power output
from hydrogen fuel cells to drive train for a heavy-duty bus.
Target CPU: MPC555
Memory:
26KB RAM (internal)
448 KB flash (internal)

Devices Used:
Timer
CAN bus
QADC (A/D)
QSPI (on-board serial)
SCI (RS232)
TPU
Aerospace and Defense

Everything is Getting Connected
Increased Software Complexity

Application and Kernel
1 000 000+ lines of code
Browser/GUI
Java
Advanced
Interconnect
Advanced
Networking
X Windows
Application and Kernel

100 000 lines of code
Memory
Management
Memory
Management
File System
File System
File System
Network
Network
Kernel
Kernel
Kernel
Kernel
1990
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing
Network
1980
High Availability
WindNet
1996
1999
The Top Architectures
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Summary
Conclusion
Questions?
THE EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT
Compiler
RTOSs
Networking
Protocols
Java
Support
Graphics
Support
SW
SELECTION
SW DEVELOPMENT
HW
SELECTION
HW DEVELOPMENT
Semiconductor
Co-funded
Development
Project
& Code
Mgmt.
Rapid
Prototyping
RTOS
Simulation
Real-time
Data
Visualization
INTEGRATION
Board
Bring-Up
Board
Diagnostics &
Manufacturing
Test
Sourcelevel
Debugging
Real-time
System
Analysis &
Triggering
Hardware
Coverage
Memory
Leak
Detection
CPU
Profiling
Postmortem
Debug
TESTING & TUNING DEPLOYMENT
Execution
Tracing
Code
Coverage
Analysis
In-field
Debugging
Recap of Designing an Embedded system

Decide application,Features,
cost of the product
Choose Idea
Select the right processor

and packages
C/ASM/GRAPHICAL
Design and fabricate PCB
Components Assembly
Programming and testing
Challenges in embedded system design
How much hardware do we need?

How
big is the CPU? Memory?
How do we meet our deadlines?

Faster
hardware or cleverer software?
How do we minimize power?

Turn
off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory accesses?
Challenges, etc.
Does it really work?

Is
the specification correct?

Does the implementation meet the spec?
How do we test for real-time characteristics?
How do we test on real data?
How do we work on the system?

Observability,
controllability?
What is our development platform?
Architecture design
What major components go satisfying the specification?
Hardware components:
Software components:
CPUs, peripherals, etc.
major programs and their operations.
Must take into account functional and non-functional

specifications.
Designing hardware and software

components
Must spend time architecting the system before you start

coding.
Some components are ready-made, some can be

modified from existing designs, others must be designed
from scratch.
System integration
Put together the components.
Many bugs appear only at this stage.
Have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugs

quickly, test as much functionality as early as possible.
Summary
Embedded computers are all around us.
Many systems have complex embedded hardware and software.
Embedded systems pose many design challenges:

design time, deadlines, power, etc.
Design methodologies help us manage the design

process.
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Summary
Conclusion
Questions?
Selection of Processors
DSP
MICROPROCESSORS/
MICROCONTROLLERS
CPLD/FPGA
GENERAL PURPOSE
PROCESSORS
Embedded Controllers
8-Bit MCU
MCS-51
AVR
MICROCHIP
RENESAS
16/32-Bit MCU
ARM
BLACKFIN
dSPIC
Selection of Packages
SOLDERING
IRON
DIP
QFP
SOLDERING
STATION
PLCC
BGA
OVEN
Hardware design flow
Software Design Flow

ASM
C,C++
COMPILER
ASSEMBLER
.OBJ
LDF
LINKER
.DXE
.HEX
.BIT
Evaluation
Simulation
Emulation
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Summary
Conclusion
Questions?
Communication Protocols
RS232/422/485
1-wire, I2C, SPI, Microwire
Bluetooth, Zigbee
RFid,
Ethernet
Parallel Bus..
Consists of multiple digital inputs/outputs. Most common types:

4-bit
8-bit ( e.g. Centronics )
16-bit ( e.g. ISA )
32-bit ( e.g. PCI )
Parallel Bus..
Example LCD Interface 4-bit
Example LCD Interface 8-bit
Serial Bus..
1-wire
Originated by Dallas Semiconductor ( now part of MAXIM ) to address a

variety of peripherals, sensors, and memory chips from a single wire
interface ( DATA and Ground ).
One signal wire carries both operating power and signal.
Usually the network is built using a wire pair where one wire carries the
signal and power and the other wire is ground. The system is sensitive to
the right timing to operate well.
1-wire
Typical Applications
Print Cartridge ID
Medical Consumable ID
Rack Card Calibration & Control
PCB ID and Authentication
Accessory/Peripheral
Identification and Control
2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights

reserved
1-wire

reserved
RS-232

reserved
RS-232

reserved
RS-232

reserved
RS-485
Any station can communicate with any other station, but not at the same
time.
Ethernet

reserved
Ethernet 10 Mbit Ethernet Networking

reserved
SPI
4-wire interface with one master and multiple slaves. Signals: DATA
IN, DATA OUT, CLOCK, CS( Chip Select )
Originated by Motorola, SPI bus is a relatively simple synchronous

serial interface for connecting low speed external devices using
minimal number of wires.
SPI is full duplex: Data is simultaneously transmitted and received.
SPI
Advantages
Multiple slave devices can be accessed with only few wires

Low-cost
Implemented in hardware or software
Ease to implement, many examples
Can be high speed (e.g.4MHz or higher if implemented in hardware)
Disadvantages
Short distance
Data and clock lines can be shared but each device requires a
separate Chip Select
signal, limiting the number of devices in
limited I/O systems
SPI
I2C
2-wire interface with one master and multiple slaves ( multi-master

configurations possible ).
Originated by Philips Semiconductor in the early 80s to connect a

microcontroller to peripheral devices in TV sets.
I2C
Advantages
Multiple slave devices can be accessed with only 3 wires

Low-cost to implement
Implemented in hardware or software
Ease to implement, many examples
Supports multi-master configuration
Disadvantages
Short distance
Slow speed: 100 KHz although 400 KHz and 1 MHz slave devise
exist. These can not coexist with slower devices.
Limited device addresses
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Summary
Conclusion
Questions?
Outline

Protocols
RFID
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Summary
Radio Frequency ISM
RFID is an ADC technology.

Uses Radio Frequency to transfer Data.
Data is often transferred from a reader and a
movable item.
Mainly used
Identify
Categorize
Track..
And many more.
Are all RFID Tags Same???

Basic Types:
Active
Tag transmits radio signal
Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry
High Read Range (300 feet)
Passive
Tag reflects radio signal from reader

Reader powered
Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)
RFID Components
Possible Threat to RFID System
Unauthorized read out of Data
In order to duplicate
Or Modify Data
Using a faked tag in order to get unauthorized access

Eavesdropping of a communication and replay of the
sequence of signals.
Complexity of cryptographic function increases
production cost and communication cost.
Not all application need security (Industry Automation)

Inversely forgoing security concerns may be critical in other
applications. (ticketing, wireless payment, etc.,)
Common Applications
Outline

Protocols
RFID
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Summary
Bluetooth
A cable replacement short range wireless

communication technology.
Named after the Danish King Harald Blatand.
Appearance
1994
Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link
mobile phones & accessories.

First
specification released in July 1999.

Technical details
Core Bluetooth Products

Notebook PCs & Desktop
computers
CD Player
TV/VCR/DVD
Printers
Access Points
PDAs
Other handheld devices
Cell phones
Wireless peripherals:
Headsets
Cameras
Telephone Answering
Devices
Cordless Phones
Cars
Comparison of Bluetooth
The Protocol Stack
Security Concerns
Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device

access.
Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
These keys are not transmitted over wireless.
Further encryption can be done at the application

layer.
Bluetooth summarized
A new global standard for data and voice
It is not just a radio, it is an end-to-end solution
Eliminate Cables
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for

optimal resource allocation and utilization.
Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be

implemented to further reduce unnecessary power usage .
Outline

Protocols
RFID
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Summary
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
Specification of protocols for small, low-power

radios
History
May
2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completed

December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified
June 2005: public availability
ZigBee Alliance
Companies
developing and promoting the standard

150+ members.
Where does ZigBee Fit?

Faster
Wireless Video
Applications
UWB
Wireless Data
Applications
Peak Data Rate
802.11g
802.11a
IrDA
Wi-Fi
802.11b
Wireless
Sensors
2.5G/3G
Slower
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Closer
Wireless
Networking
Range
Sources: WRH + Co
Farther
802.15.4 / ZigBee Architecture

Applications
ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
Packet generation
Packet reception
Data transparency
Power Management
802.15.4 Architecture
Applications
ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
Channel acquisition
Contention mgt
NIC address
Error Correction
802.15.4 Architecture
Applications
Network Routing
Address translation
Packet
Segmentation
Profiles
ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4
868/915 MHz
PHY
IEEE 802.15.4
2400 MHz
PHY
ZigBee Alliance members..
and many more....
Usage Scenarios
Industrial
& commercial
Consumer
Toys
PC
electronics
& games
& periphals
Personal
health care
home/building
automation
Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor

nodes or in general short range communications
A Comparison Chart
Custom Applications
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
Remote Control
PC & PERIPHERALS
Security, HVAC,
AMR,
Lighting Control,
Access Control
Mouse, Keyboard,
Joystick
RESIDENTIAL/
LIGHT COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
Security, HVAC,
Lighting Control,
Access Control
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
Asset Mgt,
Process Control,
Energy Mgt
PERSONAL HEALTH
CARE
Patient monitoring
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Conclusion
Questions?
Outline
Introduction
Application Areas
Protocols
Summary
Questions?

An Insight Into Embedded System Design: Pantech Solutions PVT LTD Chennai-17

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An Insight into Embedded

Pantech solutions Pvt Ltd

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Gadgets are increasingly becoming Intelligent and

The Intelligence of these Smart Devices resides in

What is Embedded System in General?

Desktop Vs. Embedded System

In contrast to Desktops that performs a Variety of Tasks,

The System has a Processor, Associated Peripherals, and

For example, in a Mobile Phone the Embedded Processor

The Hardware is Custom Built for the Specific Purpose.

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Generalization of Application Areas

Embedded Systems cover such a broad range of products

and Defense Electronics

Digital Consumer Markets

Mobile & Handheld

Cable, Satellite and Terrestrial STBs

Cable, xDSL modems, Home Gateways

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

In The Connected Home

CMI Digital IceBox

Fuji Film FinePix 40i

Media Server Gateway

Compaq iPaq Music

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Industrial Market and

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Under the Hood

Tier-1 Auto Suppliers

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Fiat Research Center

Fiat CRF Sysnet: Driver and passenger multimedia

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Example Application: Fuel Cell Engine Controller

448 KB flash (internal)

Aerospace and Defense

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Increased Software Complexity

Application and Kernel

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

The Top Architectures

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

THE EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

TESTING & TUNING DEPLOYMENT

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Recap of Designing an Embedded system

Select the right processor

Design and fabricate PCB

Programming and testing

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Challenges in embedded system design

How much hardware do we need?

big is the CPU? Memory?

How do we meet our deadlines?

hardware or cleverer software?

How do we minimize power?

off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory accesses?

2008 Pantech Solutions | All rights reserved

Does it really work?

the specification correct?