GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM II

(SUG653)

Assoc. Prof. Sr. Zamani Bin Ismail

Room C508
Contact: 03-55444528 or 019-3605218

Quote of the day

People with goals succeed because they
know where theyre going

Earl Nightingale
2

Part 2
Enterprise GIS
3

What is a GIS?
A

GIS allows the geographic features

in real world locations to be digitally
represented so that they can be
abstractly presented in map (analog)
form, and they can be worked with
and manipulated to address some
problem.

Building the case for a GIS

Why

GIS?

Cost reduction
e.g.

tax assessment, work orders

Cost avoidance
e.g.

minimize delivery costs, avoid flood damage

Increased revenue
e.g.

attract more customers, sell more maps

Getting wholly new (and valued) products

e.g.

those too costly or time-consuming previously

Non-tangible benefits
e.g.

better decisions, happy staff and customers

5

Problems and limitations

While

GIS may be a valuable and unique

tool, there are basic issues in developing a
GIS that must be resolved before any action
is taken, and several practical issues can
prevent or compromise the use of GIS

These

basic issues include determining if

GIS is appropriate for the situation and
which data layers are necessary and
sufficient to accomplish the intended task.
6

Scope of GIS

Based on the types and levels of access &

functionality, GIS can be classified into;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Project-oriented GIS
Departmental GIS (Single department application)
Multi departmental application
Enterprise/Corporate GIS (Enterprise System)
Community GIS (Multi Organizational endeavor)

#2-5 can be generalized as Database-oriented

GIS development undertaking becomes more

complex & challenging as the systems are made
available to a wider range of users and also
when the system capability needs are increase.
7

Level I: Project-oriented

Organizational Environment
Expected result is a product, e.g. a map or report
Project has an end date an finite project
No long-term support expected & no commitment to
ongoing GIS
Little organizational impact
Examples of such projects might include the performance
of an environmental analysis, the production of maps for a
survey, the development of a long-range land use plan, or
the design and development of a park.

GIS Implementation Approach

One-time effort
Need best tool for the job
Consultant or contractor may do entire thing

Project-oriented
Scale

and frame of the project is well

defined and project life is finite

Level II: Single Department

Organizational

Environment

Small Organization or Single Department

Well-defined, existing business function to be supported
Ongoing support is required but no commitment to GIS
Little or no reorganization e.g. manual drafters shift to GIS
workstation
Managed by departmental responsible for business activity

GIS

Implementation Approach

PC or standalone workstation
maybe CAD focused
Little or no integration with attribute databases
Little sharing of information within or beyond department
10

Level III: Multi-Department

Organizational

Mid-size to large organization, more than one department

More significant commitment of staff and budget to GIS
Ongoing support and update strategies
Some organizational implications (Champion)
Managed by cooperating departments

GIS

Environment

Implementation

Multiple, networked PCs/workstations

Topological GIS
Object/Relational database
Some information sharing between departments
11

Level IV: Enterprise System

Organizational

Environment

Usually medium to large organization, multiple departments

High level long-term commitment to GIS
Organization-level strategic planning, distributed
implementation and maintenance
Incorporation of GIS as part of organizational infrastructure
Corporate management support and involvement is essential

GIS

Implementation

Distributed client-server network(s)

Integration of multiple GIS, database, and related technologies
Multi-department data sharing, standards and metadata
12

Level V: Multi-Organizational
Organizational

Environment

Public organizations or industry alliance

Multi-participant organizational structure for planning and
policy
Distributed maintenance responsibilities across organizations
Long-term, high level commitments among participating
organizations
Significant reorganization of functions across organizations

GIS

Implementation

Distributed maintenance of shared elements

Data exchange facility and standards and metadata, Internet
or other WAN
Data integration from multiple technologies
13

Basic Definition of Enterprise

GIS
Enterprise

GIS is an organization-wide
approach to GIS implementation,
operation, and management. It
integrates spatial data and technology
across the organization, coupling
centralized management with
decentralized use.

Achieving Enterprise GIS :Somers 2005

Enterprise GIS

The enterprise approach balances centralized management and decentralize

Corporate or Enterprise GIS

It

is one that is designed to meet the

needs of multiple users across multiple
units in an organization.
It is built around an integrated database
that supports the functions of all units
that need spatial processing or mapping.
Designed for long-term of critical
functions within an organization
16

Enterprise GIS
Spatial
Analysis

Spatial or
Geographic
Data

Non-Spatial Spatial

Database
Server

Ultimately,
geographic
data
becomes information available as
readily
as
other
Enterprise
information.

Visualizatio
n
Client
MIS
Applications
17

Advantages of enterprise GIS

over single-unit or projectoriented GIS

Data

are standardized and redundancy

is reduced.
Database integrity is maximized.
Units come together through the
database.
There is a consistent look & feel to
output.
Geographic information costs are
centralized. The Design & Implementation of Geographic
Information System by Harmon J.E. &
Anderson S.J. 2003

Advantages of enterprise GIS

over single-unit or projectoriented GIS

Data are standardized and redundancy is reduced Each

dept has their ways of maintaining and storing data resulting in
duplication and confusion to users outside the dept.
Database integrity is maximized. Database is kept at the
centralized data server and this enables data to be safeguarded
from corruption.
Units come together through the database . - Each department
with their own goals has to understand the needs of other
department if they want to reap the benefits of the cooperation.
There is a consistent look and feel to output . The
standardizing in the design & implementation of Enterprise GIS
enables the output to be produced in a consistent manner which is
to the liking of the management.
Geographic information costs are centralized . - No individual
department needs to bear the cost as every department within the
organization can has access to the data. Cost will be borne by the
organization.

Components of an enterprise
GIS
PEOPLE
must use

APPLICATIONS
that require
that is accessed &
Manipulated by

DATA

SOFTWARE

All this requires

HARDWARE
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Enterprise GIS Challenges

Underestimating

the task
Insufficient resources (money, time,
personnel, expertise)
Generalized implementation plan
Coordination difficulties
Lack of commitment
Shareholder reluctance to cede power
Loss of momentum
Difficulties justifying the project
Limiting development to incremental
development

Achieving Enterprise GIS :Somers 2005

Key Strategies for Success

Objective

program review
Useful vision that provides specific guidance
An actionable plan
Integration of enterprise GIS with the
enterprise
Leveraged assistance
A network of leadership
Effective technology choices
A policy and procedure framework

Achieving Enterprise GIS :Somers 2005