BACTERIA

Biology

Bacteria are very small

This is a pore
in human
skin and the
yellow
spheres are
bacteria
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Bacteria are
very small
compared to
cells with
nuclei
4

Bacteria

Bacteria
compared
to a white
blood cell
that is
going to
eat it
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Clean skin has about 20

million bacteria per square
inch

Evolution/Classification

Most numerous organism on Earth

Most Ancient
Microscopic Prokaryotes
Evolution has yielded many species
adapted to survive where no other
organisms can.
Grouped based on:
Structure, physiology, molecular Composition,
reaction to specific types of stain.
Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria
Archaebacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria

First discovered in extreme environments

Methanogens: Harvest energy by
converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas
Anaerobic,

live in intestinal tracts

Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in

Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea.
Thermoacidophiles: Live in acid
environments and high temps.
Hot

Springs, volcanic vents

Volcanic
vents on the
sea floor

Chemosynthetic bacteria use the

sulfur in the smoke for energy
to make ATP.

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The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria

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Kingdom Eubacteria

Can have one of three basic shapes

1. Bacilli rod-shaped
2. Spirilla spiral-shaped
3. Cocci sphere-shaped
Staphylococci grape-like
clusters
Streptococci in chains

SHOW ME
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BACTERIA PICS

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Bacillus
bacteria are
rod or
sausage
shaped
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Coccus
bacteria
are
sphere
or
ball
shaped
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Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

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Diplo-bacteria
occur in pairs,
such as the
diplococcus
bacteria that
causes
gonorrhea
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Staphylo - bacteria
occur in clumps, such
as this staphylococcus
bacteria that causes
common infections of
cuts

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Strepto- bacteria
occur in chains of
bacteria, such as
this streptococcus
bacteria that
causes some types
of sore throats
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Spirillium bacteria
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Diplobacillus
bacteria

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Streptococcus
bacteria

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Staphylococcus bacteria
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The tip of a
needle
The red and
yellow dots
are bacteria
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Gram Stain

Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple

Have thicker layer in cell wall.

Gram-negative do not retain stain and take

second pink stain instead.

Phylum

Shape

Motility

Metabolism

Gram
reacion

Cyanobacteria

Bacilli,
Cocci

Gliding,
some nonmotile

Aerobic,
Gramphotosynthetic negative
autotrophic

Spirochetes

Spirals

Corkscrew

Aerobic, and
anaerobic;
heterotrophic

Gram-Pos

Bacilli,
cocci

Flagella;
some nonmotile

Aer/anaer.;
Mostly gramheterotrophic, positive
photosynthetic

Proteobacteria

Bacilli,
cocci,
spiral

Flagella;
some nonmotile

Aer/anaer.;
heterotrophic,
photosynthetic
autotrophic

Gramnegative

Gramnegative
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

Structure

Function

Cell Wall

Protects and gives shape

Outer
Membrane

Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only)

Cell
Membrane

Regulates movement of materials, contains

enzymes important to cellular respiration

Cytoplasm

Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds

Chromosome

Carries genetic information

Plasmid

Contains some genes obtained through recomb.

Capsule &
Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to
Slime Layer other surfaces
Endospore

Protects cell agains harsh enviornments

Pilus

Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces

Flagellum

Moves the cell

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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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Nutrition and Growth

Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Some are Photoautotrophs Use sunlight for Energy
Some are Chemoautotrophs.
Many are Obligate Anaerobes.
Oxygen = Death
Ex.

Clostridium tetani Tetanus

Some are Faculatative Anaerobes

With or without Oxygen
Ex.

Escherichia Coli

Some are Obligate Aerobes

Ex.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Temperature requirements

Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

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These
heterotrophic
bacteria
digest oil -remember oil
is partially
decayed plant
and animal
cells
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REPRODUCTION
IN
BACTERIA
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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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BACTERIA REPRODUCES
BY FISSION

First the chromosomal DNA

makes a copy
The DNA replicates
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NEXT THE CYTOPLASM

AND CELL DIVIDES

The two resulting cells are

exactly the same
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In addition to
the large
chromosomal
DNA, bacteria
have many
small loops of
DNA called
Plasmids

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Disease

Bacteria
and
Disease
Pathogen
Areas
affected

Mode of
transmission

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Nerves

Improperly
preserved food

Cholera

Vibrio cholerae

Intestine

Contaminated water

Dental Caries

Streptococcus mutans,
sanguis, salivarius

Teeth

Environment to
mouth

Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Urethra,
fallopian

Sexual contact

Lyme disease

Berrelia burgdorferi

Skin, joints

Tick bite

Rocky
Mountain SF

Rickettsia recketsii

Blood, skin

Tick bite

Salmonella

Salmonella

Intestine

Contaminated food,
water

Strep throat

Streptococcus pyogenes

URT, blood,
skin

Sneezes, coughs,
etc.

Tetanus

Costridium tetani

Nerves

Contaminated
wounds

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Lung,
bones

coughs
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PATHOGENIC

Some
bacteria
cause
diseases
--Disease
causing
bacteria
are called
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Helicobacter
pylori
is the
pathogenic
bacteria
that can
causes ulcers
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Leprosy is a
bacterial
infection that
decreases
blood flow to
the
extremities
resulting in
the
deterioration
of toes, ears,
the nose and
the fingers.
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BOTULISM

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CHOLERA

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DENTAL CARIES

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ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF

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LYME DISEASE

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SALMONELLA

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STREP THROAT

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TUBERCULOSIS

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Common Antibiotics
Antibiotic

Mechanism

Target bacteria

Penicillin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Gram Positive

Ampicillin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Broad spectrum

Bacitracin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Gram Positive Skin

Ointment

Cephalosporin

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

Gram Positive

Tetracycline

Inhibits Protein Synthesis

Broad spectrum

Streptomycin

Inhibits Protein Synthesis

Gram Neg. tuberculosis

Sulfa drug

Inhibits cell metabolism

Bacterial meningitis,
UTI

Rifampin

Inhibits RNA synthesis

Gram Pos., some Neg.

Quinolines

Inhibits DNA Synthesis

UTI
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Some Final Information

Because antibiotics have been overused,

many diseases that were once easy to
treat are becoming more difficult to
treat.

Some Bacteria are Useful

Producing

and Processing food

Breaking down dead organic material
Make unripened cheese like ricotta and
cottage cheese by breaking down the protein
in milk.
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VIRUSES
Non-living but depends on the living!

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STRUCTURE

Nonliving
Composed of Nucleic acid and protein
Cause many diseases
Virology Study of Viruses
Comparison of Viruses and Cells below
Char. Of Life

Virus

Cell

Growth

No

Yes

Homeostasis

No

Yes

Metabolism

No

Yes

Mutation

Yes

Yes

Nucleic acid

DNA or RNA

DNA

Reproduction

Only within host cell

Independently by
cell division

Structure

Nucleic acid core, protein

covering, some have
envelope

Cytoplasm, cell
membrane, etc..
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Here is a non-enveloped bacteria

virus inserting its DNA into a
bacterial cell.

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Some virus are pushed out by the cell, taking

some of the cell membrane with them.

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Characteristics of Viruses

2 essential features

1. Nucleic Acid
May be DNA or RNA
2. Protein Coat called CAPSID
VIRAL SHAPE
Icosahedron 20 triangular faces
Example; herpes, chickenpox, polio

Helix Coiled spring

Example; Rabies, measles, tobacco mosaic
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Viroids- The smallest known particle that

can replicate.
Disrupt

plant cell metabolism

Can destroy entire crops

Prions Abnormal forms of proteins that

clump together inside cells.
Clumping

eventually kills the cell

Examples

Scrapie in sheep
Mad Cow Disease

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Viral Replication

Can replicate only by invading host cell

Bacteriophage viruses that infect bacteria

Used to study viruses

Lytic Cycle
Viral DNA is released into the host cell
Replication follows immediately
Cellular components used to make new
viruses
Viral enzyme kills cell.
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Replication cont

Lysogenic Cycle
Nucleic

acid of virus becomes part of

the host cells chromosome

Nucleic

acid remains in the cell in this

form for many generations

HIV

follows this pattern. As immune

system fails, opportunistic infections
occur = AIDS
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Viruses and Human Disease

Control and Prevention of spread.

Vaccination

& Antiviral drugs

Ex.) chickenpox vaccine, AZT, Acyclovir, protease

inhibitors.

Emerging Viruses exist in isolated

habitats
Do

not usually infect humans unless

environmental conditions favor contact.

Several viruses are now linked to cancers

such as leukemia, liver cancer, cervical
cancer.
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PAPOVAVIRUSES

BACK
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ADENOVIRUSES

BACK
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HERPESVIRUSES

BACK
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POXVIRUSES

BACK
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PICORNAVIRUSES

BACK
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Which US President had polio?

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RHABDOVIRUSES

BACK
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RETROVIRUSES

BACK
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BIOTECHNOLOGY

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What do bacteria have to do with DNA

technology?

Bacteria are simple

Bacteria have DNA that is made of
nucleotides (A,T,G,C)
Bacteria can be grown quickly and easily
Give

them food, warmth and dark (like

inside you shoe) and they will multiply like
mad (binary fission)

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Bacteria have plasmids extra DNA in

the form of a circle

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Plasmids are DNA made out of A,T,C,G

nucleotides

The same nucleotides found in human

DNA, plant DNA, dog DNA, fish DNA,
fungus DNA

Get it its all the same molecule

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So why not take out a plasmid, cut it

apart and add any other DNA piece that
we want!

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Then put it back in the bacteria and

grow more bacteria with that new
plasmid that we have created! Hmmm?
http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/archive/anim
ations.html

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