Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP

Domain Name System - DNS

Overview

1st Part - DHCP

2nd Part - DNS
3rd Part - Mention of sources used

1st Part - DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol

Overview 1st Part

1st Part DHCP

What is DHCP?
Manual vs. Automatic Configuration
How DHCP Works

IP Lease Request and Offer

IP Lease Selection and Acknowledgment
IP Lease Renewal

Implementing Multiple DHCP Servers

DHCP What is DHCP?

DHCP
Client

Non-DHCP
Client

IP Adress2

DHCP
Client

IP Adress1

DHCP Database

DHCP
Server

IP Adress1
IP Adress2
IP Adress3

DHCP - Manual vs. Automatic Configuration

Configuring TCP/IP Manually

Difficult to trace the source of a problem

Communication problems results from incorrect information
Administrative overhead

Configuring TCP/IP Using DHCP

IP adressing information is supplied automatically

Many configuration problems are eliminated

DHCP - How DHCP Works

DHCP
DHCP Client
Client

DHCP
DHCP Server
Server
IP
IP Lease
Lease Request
Request

IP
IP Lease
Lease Offer
Offer

IP
IP Lease
Lease Selection
Selection

IP
IP Lease
Lease
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment

DHCP IP Lease Request and Offer

DHCPDISCOVER
DHCPDISCOVER
Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address == 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
Dest.
Dest. IP
IP Address
Address == 255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
Hardware
Address
=
Hardware Address = 08004...
08004...

IP Router

DHCPOFFER
DHCPOFFER

DHCP Client

waits 1 second for an offer

Source IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24
willSource
rebroadcast
the
request
Dest.
Dest. IP
IP Address
Address == 255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
(random
length,
0 1000
ms)
Offered
Offered IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
after
4 requests,
he will ==retry
every
Client
Hardware
08004...
Client
Hardware Address
Address
08004...
5 minutes
Subnet
Subnet Mask
Mask == 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
Length
Length of
of Lease
Lease == 72
72 hours
hours
Server
Server Identifier
Identifier == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24

DHCP Server

DHCP IP Lease Selection and

Acknowledgment
DHCPREQUEST
DHCPREQUEST
Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address == 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
Dest.
Dest. IP
IP Address
Address == 255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
Hardware
Hardware Address
Address == 08004...
08004...
Requested
Requested IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
Server
Server Identifier
Identifier == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24

IP Router

DHCPACK
DHCPACK

DHCP Client

Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24
Dest.
Dest. IP
IP Address
Address == 255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
Offered
Offered IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
Client
Client Hardware
Hardware Address
Address == 08004...
08004...
Subnet
Subnet Mask
Mask == 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
Length
of
Lease
Length of Lease == 72
72 hours
hours
Server
Server Identifier
Identifier == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24
DHCP
DHCP Option:
Option: Router
Router == 131.107.8.1
131.107.8.1

DHCP Server

DHCP IP Lease Renewal

DHCPREQUEST
DHCPREQUEST
Source
Source
IP
Address
131.107.8.13
SourceIP
Source
IPAddress
Address
Address====131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
Dest.
131.107.3.24
Dest. IP
IP Address
Address == 255.255.255.255
131.107.3.24
255.255.255.255
Requested
Requested IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
Hardware
Hardware Address
Address == 08004...
08004...

Subsequent
Initial
Initial
Subsequent
Renewal
Renewal Interval
Interval

1/2 TTL
7/8

IP Router

DHCPACK
DHCPACK

DHCP Client

Source
Source IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24
Dest.
Dest. IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.3.13
131.107.3.13
Offered
Offered IP
IP Address
Address == 131.107.8.13
131.107.8.13
Client
Client Hardware
Hardware Address
Address == 08004...
08004...
Subnet
Subnet Mask
Mask == 255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
Length
of
Lease
Length of Lease == 72
72 hours
hours
Server
Server Identifier
Identifier == 131.107.3.24
131.107.3.24
DHCP
DHCP Option:
Option: Router
Router == 131.107.8.1
131.107.8.1

DHCP Server

DHCP Implementing Multiple DHCP Servers

Server A

Server B

IP Router
Scope
Scope for
for Network
Network 11

Scope
Scope for
for Network
Network 22

131.107.4.20
131.107.4.20 131.107.4.150
131.107.4.150

131.107.3.20
131.107.3.20 131.107.3.150
131.107.3.150

Scope
Scope for
for Network
Network 22

Scope
Scope for
for Network
Network 11

131.107.3.151
131.107.3.151 131.107.3.200
131.107.3.200

131.107.4.151
131.107.4.151 131.107.4.200
131.107.4.200

2nd Part - DNS

Domain Name System

Overview 2nd Part

2nd Part DNS

Why DNS? (ex. ARPANET)

Problems of this System

How DNS Works

Domain Name Space
Zones of Authority
Name Server
Name Resolution

DNS Why DNS? (ex. ARPANET)

FTP Orange
Green
Green
Blue
Blue

SRI-NIC

Red
Red

Hosts.txt
Yellow
Yellow

Orange
Orange

Purple
Purple

Green
191.105.6.10
Blue 195.200.90.2
Red 202.131.6.200
Yellow
159.166.99.67
Orange
121.17.6.22
Purple
212.191.7.45

DNS Problems of this System

The Hosts.txt file became too large

The file needed to be updated more than one a day
Because all network traffic had to be routed through SRI-NIC
Network traffic on the SRI-NIC host became almost
unmanageable
Hosts.txt uses a flat name structure. This required every
computer name to be unique across the whole network

flat name structure

hierarchical name structure

DNS How DNS Works

Name
Server

DNS
Resolver
(Client)
Application
Application

Application
Application

Transport
Transport

Transport
Transport

Internet
Internet

Internet
Internet

Network
Network

Network
Network

Sockets

DNS Domain Name Space

Root-Level Domain

Countries

New Zealand (NZ)

Top-Level Domain

COM

EDU

ORG
Second-Level Domain

microsoft

ibm

purdue

Student

DNS Zones of Authority

com
Zone 1

Zone 3
Microsoft
MKTG

Zone 2
Name
Servers
R&D

DNS - Name Server

Primary Name Server

Zone information in locally maintained files

Changes to a zone, such add domains or hosts

Secondary Name Server

Zone information downloaded from a primary name server

Redundancy, Faster Access for Remote locations

DNS Name Resolution

Local
Name Server

Interative
Interative
Query
Query
2

Root
Name Server

Recursive
Recursive
Query
Query

5
www.whitehouse.gov?
www.whitehouse.gov?

6
1

gov
Name Server

DNS
Client

whitehouse.gov
Name Server

3rd Part - Mention of Sources used

Mention of Sources used

Mention of Sources used

Microsoft Curriculum

Internetworking with Microsoft TCP/IP on Microsoft Windows

NT 4.0, Course #688B

MCSE Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer

Microsoft TCP/IP on Windows NT 4.0, Study Guide

Firmeninterne Unterlagen der Swisscom AG

Natrlich auch mit einer Microsoft berschrift