Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SYSTEM
Structure
The nervous system derives its name from
by themeninges, a three-layered
system of membranes, including a
tough, leathery outer layer called
thedura mater.
The brain is also protected by the
types:neuronsandglial cells
1. Neuron issometimes called neurone" or "nerve
cell, their most fundamental property is that they
communicate with other cells viasynapses, which are
membrane-to-membrane junctions containing
molecular machinery that allows rapid transmission of
signals, either electrical or chemical.Many types of
neuron possess an axon, a protoplasmic protrusion
that can extend to distant parts of the body and make
thousands of synaptic contacts. Axons frequently
travel through the body in bundles called nerves.
their targets.
in
vertebrat
es
The nervous
system
ofvertebrates
(including
humans) is
divided into
thecentral
nervous
system(CNS)
and
theperipheral
nervous
system(PNS).
FUNCTION
At the most basic level, the function of the nervous system
elements
in
synaptic
transmission. An electrochemical
wave
called
anaction
potentialtravels a long theaxonof
a neuron. When the wave reaches
asynapse, it provokes release of a
small
amount
ofneurotransmittermolecules,
which bind to chemical receptor
molecules
located
in
the
membrane of the target cell.
Human Brain
The Human Brain regulates and monitors a
Brain
Structures
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Limbic
System
Brain Stem
Cerebrum
The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part
What do each of
these lobes do?
Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning,
Cerebellum
The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the
Limbic system
The limbic system, often referred to as the
Functions
Thalamus-
Hypothalamus-
part
of
the
diencephalon,
ventral
to
the
thalamus. The structure is involved
in functions including homeostasis,
emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian
rhythms, and control of the
autonomic nervous system. In
addition, it controls the pituitary.
Amygdala-
Hippocampus-
Brain Stem
All basic life functions originate in the
The
midbrain,
also
known
as
the
mesencephalon is made up of the tegmentum
and tectum. These parts of the brain help
regulate body movement, vision and hearing.
The anterior portion of the midbrain contains
the cerebral peduncle which contains the
axons that transfer messages from the
cerebral cortex down the brain stem, which
allows voluntary motor function to take place.
The
medulla
or
medulla
oblongata is an essential portion
of
the
brain
stem
which
maintains vital body functions
such as the heart rate and
breathing.
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is the most important structure between the body
and the brain. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum
where it is continuous with the medulla to the level of the first or
second lumbar vertebrae. It is a vital link between the brain and
the body, and from the body to the brain. The spinal cord is 40 to
50 cm long and 1 cm to 1.5 cm in diameter. Two consecutive rows
of nerve roots emerge on each of its sides. These nerve roots join
distally to form 31 pairs ofspinal nerves.
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure of nervous tissue
composed of white and gray matter, is uniformly organized and is
divided into four regions: cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and
sacral (S), (Figure 3.1), each of which is comprised of several
segments. The spinal nerve contains motor and sensory nerve
fibers to and from all parts of the body. Each spinal cord segment
innervates a dermatome
General features
1. Similar cross-sectional structures at all spinal cord levels
2.
3.
4.
5.
(Figure 3.1).
It carries sensory information (sensations) from the
body and some from the head to the central nervous
system (CNS) via afferent fibers, and it performs the
initial processing of this information.
Motor neurons in the ventral horn project their axons
into the periphery to innervate skeletal and smooth
muscles that mediate voluntary and involuntary
reflexes.
It contains neurons whose descending axons mediate
autonomic control for most of the visceral functions.
It is of great clinical importance because it is a major
site of traumatic injury and the locus for many disease
processes.
Peripheral
is subdivided into two
Sensory-Somatic Nervous
System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sensory - Somatic
The
cranial NERVEs
1. Olfactory Nerve- for smell
2. Optic Nerve- for vision
3. Oculomotor - for looking around
4. Trochlear- for moving eye
5. Trigeminal- for feeling touch on face
6. Abducens- to move eye muscles
7. Facial- to smile, wink, and help us taste
8. Vestibulocochlear- to help with balance, equilibrium, and hearing
9. Glossopharengeal- for swallowing and gagging
10. Vagus- for swallowing, talking, and parasympathetic actions of
digestion
11. Spinal- accessory for shrugging shoulders
12. Hypoglossal- for tongue more divided into different regions as
muscles
Spinal NERVEs
The
cord
is
segmentally
organized.
There
are
31
segments, defined by 31 pairs of
nerves exiting the cord.
These nerves are divided into 8
cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5
sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve
(Figure 3.2).
Autonomic
The
Autonomic
has two subdivisions
Facts
End
REPORTED BY:
Mark Gabriel Costante
Jenny Panganiban